APUSH REVIEW

1. APUSH REVIEW APUSH

2. Which of the following statements about  the settlers that arrived at Plymouth in 1620 is not true? • their original goal was a landfall farther south, at the northern edge of Virginia Company territory • while English, they had lived for a time in the Netherlands • they had experienced persecution in England for their religious beliefs and sought to separate from the Church of England • they probably would have starved to death without the assistance of local Indians • they became the dominant political and religious force in New England in the 1630s and 1640s

3. (E) they became the dominant political and religious force in New England in the 1630s and 1640s • Explanation:Often referred to as Pilgrims or Separatists, the 102 passengers on the Mayflower sought religious freedom first in the Netherlands and then in the New World. While originally intending to land farther south near the Hudson River, the ship was buffeted by storms and landed first on Cape Cod and then Plymouth in what is now Massachusetts. Despite early hostile encounters, local Indians assisted the 53 who had survived the first winter. Another group of settlers, mainly composed of Puritans, established Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and became the dominant force in New England.

4. The biggest surrender in American military history, involving almost 12,000 U.S. soldiers, occurred where during World War 2? • Kasserine Pass in North Africa • on the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippine Islands • at the Battle of the Bulge in northern Europe • on Guadacanal Island in the South Pacific • at Anzio Beach in Italy

5.   (B) on the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippine Islands • Along with the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Japanese forces invaded the Philippine Islands. After resistance proved futile, American General Ned King surrendered his troops to the Japanese. The captured American and Filipinos were then forced to participate in a brutal 75-mile march to prison camps which resulted in thousands dying of thirst, beatings, and executions. The Japanese commanding general, Masaharu Homma, was tried and executed for war crimes following Japan's surrender in 1945.

6. Henry Ford did which of the following in mass-producing automobiles in the 1920s? • he hired more Jews in management positions • he utilized a style of management that delegated corporate decisions to professionals in specialized divisions • he paid his workers higher wages than they could receive with comparable jobs • he paid his workers lower wages than they could receive with comparable jobs • he instituted worker-management teams to share decision-making about

7. Answer:(C)    he paid his workers higher wages than they could receive with comparable jobs Explanation: Ford began paying his workers $5 per an eight-hour work day in 1914, almost double the rate for comparable work with longer hours. His action reduced employee turnover and increased worker efficiency. Ford also used assembly lines for the mass production of inexpensive automobiles.

8. Vice-president George H.W. Bush succeeded Ronald Reagan as president following the 1988 election. Before him, the last incumbent vice-president who was directly elected president rather than succeeding a president who died in office was • Martin Van Buren • Lyndon Johnson • Calvin Coolidge • Theodore Roosevelt • Harry Truman

9. Answer:     (A)    Martin Van Buren Explanation: . George H.W. Bush followed Reagan's two terms as president and built a solid reputation for decisive action with the Operation Desert Storm success against Iraq. Economic stagnation at home and Bush's decision to break his "Read My Lips. No New Taxes" pledge caused his popularity to fall and he was defeated by Bill Clinton in 1992. Andrew Jackson's second vice-president, Martin Van Buren, was elected president in 1836. Johnson, Coolidge, Roosevelt and Truman all succeeded presidents who died in office.

10. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • finally removed the British presence from the Ohio River Valley • reduced the authority of the federal government in the western territories • provided a procedure for admitting new states to the Union • resulted in Shays' Rebellion • divided land into sections that were then sold to investors

11. Answer:     (C) provided a procedure for admitting new states to the Union Explanation: The Northwest Ordinance, in addition to prohibiting slavery in the Northwest Territories, provided that residents could apply for statehood when the population reached 60,000 inhabitants. New states came in on the same level as the original 13 states. In 1803 Ohio became the first state admitted under the provisions.

13. In which pair is the first event an immediate cause of the second? • Assassination of James Garfield in 1881-the Pendleton Civil Service Act • Election of John Adams in 1796-Twelfth Amendment's adoption • Sinking of the Lusitaniain 1915-U.S. entry into World War I • Assassination of Alexander Hamilton in 1804- end of the Federalist Party • Germany's invasion of the Sudetenland in 1936-U.S. entry into World War II    

14. Answer: (A)    Assassination of James Garfield-the Pendleton Civil Service Act Explanation: President James Garfield was assassinated by a disappointed office-seeker in 1881. Congress passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act in 1883, creating a set of civil service exams for federal positions to reduce the spoils system in which the president had the authority to appoint many employees.

15. Which of the following is not true of explorer Henry Hudson • he led voyages in search of both a Northeast and a Northwest Passage to Asia • his crew on the ship Discovery mutinied and either set him adrift or murdered him in what is now known as Hudson Bay • he sailed for both the British and Dutch • he assumed that any passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans would be long and difficult • he explored the Hudson River and helped the Dutch establish a claim to New Netherlands (New York)

16. Answer:   (D)    Hudson assumed that any passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans would be long and difficult Explanation: Hudson, who sought a route from Europe to Asia in both the eastward and westward directions, assumed that a narrow strip of land separated the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. How he died is not known, though his mutinous crew on the Discovery is thought to have either murdered him or set him adrift on a small boat in Hudson Bay in 1611.

17. Which of the following statements about the World War II Potsdam Conference is notaccurate • Prime Minister Winston Churchill left the meeting following his party's defeat in an election in Great Britain • the Allied leaders decided to defeat Germany first, then focus on Japan • it was decided that Nazi leaders would be tried as war criminals • Pres. Truman officially informed Soviet Premier Stalin of the existence of the atomic bomb • all of the statements are accurate

18. Answer:    (B)    the Allied leaders decided to defeat Germany first, then focus on Japan Explanation: Germany had already surrendered by the time of the Potsdam Conference. Churchill was recalled to London and replaced by Clement Attlee. The planning for the Nuremberg Tribunals began at Potsdam. Stalin was informed about the atomic bomb, though Soviet spies on the Manhattan Project had probably already provided him that information.

19. Muckraking writers of the Progressive Era exposed • unsafe meat packaging • corruption in city government • unhealthy mining conditions • the anti-competition tactics of trusts • all of the above

20. Answer:    (E)    all of the above Explanation: Muckraker was the nickname given to a journalist or other writer who exposed corruption. Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil trusts), Lincoln Steffens (city machine politics), and Upton Sinclair (meat-packing practices) were some of the more famous of these early investigative reporters.

21. What type of multiple-family dwelling became prevalent in New York City in the last quarter of the 19th century • the dumbbell tenement • the skyscraper • Condominums • 5th Avenue mansions • bed-and-breakfast hotels

22. Answer:  (A) the dumbbell tenement Explanation: Originally designed for one family, the dumbbell tenements were divided (often multiple times) to accommodate more families, mainly on Manhattan's Lower East Side. The Tenement Act of 1879 required each room to have a window, necessitating the construction of air shafts. This led to a dumbbell shape, wider at the street and back, narrower in the middle to accommodate the airshaft. The overcrowding, lack of adequate sanitation, and insufficient fresh air supply eventually led to their being banned in New York City. The New Law of 1901 required each tenement to have a large courtyard.

23. Which of the following were contributions of the Protestant Reformation to the founding of America? • the creation of a number of denominations that suffered persecution and sought religious freedom in the New World • the concept of the priesthood of all believers, which promoted individualism and aided the development of democracy • an emphasis on literacy, as the Bible was translated into the language of the people and not limited to only those who could read Latin • a challenge to religious authority which led logically for some to a challenge to political authority • all of the above were contributions

24. Answer:   (E)  all of the above were contributions Explanation: The Protestant Reformation, which began in Germany but soon spread to the rest of Europe and then the New World, led to the formation of many religious groups, as the challenge to religious authority gave many individuals and groups the confidence to form their own sects. Central to the Reformation is the concept of the priesthood of all believers, essentially stating that each Christian has direct access to God and needs no intermediary. This religious independence view easily translated to a similar attitude towards political authorities. Luther, besides breaking with the Roman Catholic Church, translated the Bible into German, thus giving access to it for those not able to read or understand Latin.

25. Which of the following was not a characteristic of the Whig Party? • many of its members eventually became Republicans • it opposed President Jackson’s policies • it was united in its support for the expansion of slavery into the western territories • it was particularly popular among evangelical Protestants • It supported internal improvements paid for by the federal government

26. Answer:    (C)    it was united in its support for the expansion of slavery into the western territories Explanation: The Whig Party became deeply divided on the issue of slavery. Many of its members, including Abraham Lincoln, quit the party and joined the newly formed Republican Party which was formed in 1854. The Whigs generally opposed Jackson, supported Clay's American System which included internal improvements, and gained support from evangelical Protestant voters.

27. The Fugitive Slave Act was a provision of which of the following • the Missouri Compromise • the Wilmot Proviso • the Compromise of 1850 • the Kansas-Nebraska Act • the Ostend Manifesto

28. Answer:(C)    the Compromise of 1850. Explanation:Although the Constitution supported the return of runaway slaves (Article IV, Section II) and fugitive slave bills had been passed prior to 1850, the inclusion of the Fugitive Slave Law in the Compromise of 1850 proved to be the most controversial. Southerners demanded it in exchange for concessions to the North, such as California's admission as a free state. Abolitionists hated it and saw its federal enforcement as an example of Southern "slave power."

29. Which of the following decisions of the Marshall Court is improperly matched with its description? • Marbury v. Madison--established the principle of judicial review by overturning an act of Congress, the Judiciary Act of 1789 • McCullough v. Maryland--ruled that a state could not tax a federal agency, in this case the Bank of the U.S. • Gibbons v. Ogden--gave the federal government undisputed control over interstate commerce • Fletcher v. Peck--established the principle that state laws conflicting with the U.S. Constitution were invalid • Dartmouth College v. Woodward--states were no longer sovereign since they had signed the Constitution

30. Answer:(E)   Dartmouth College v. Woodward--states were no longer sovereign since they had signed the Constitution Explanation:In the Dartmouth College decision, the Supreme Court upheld a charter that predated New Hampshire's statehood, thus establishing the principle that charters are binding contracts and cannot be broken by a state legislature. In Cohens v. Virginia, the Court ruled that ratifying the Constitution meant that states were no longer sovereign entities. State courts were required to submit to federal authority.

31. In Common Sense by Thomas Paine • Parliament is seen as the enemy of freedom, but King George III is viewed with respect • colonists are encouraged to cut their ties with Great Britain • colonists are encouraged to find areas of compromise with Parliament and King George III • colonists are encouraged to ignore political issues and focus on economic advancement • an argument is made that the colonists are represented virtually in Parliament because they are still British subjects

32. Answer:    (B)    colonists are encouraged to cut their ties with Great Britain Explanation:Written in January 1776, following Lexington and Concord but prior to the Declaration of Independence, Common Sense directly challenged those who asserted that the American colonies should remain within the British Empire. Paine urged colonists to sever their ties with the mother country, contending that Great Britain had abused the colonies. He concluded that "'tis time to part."

33. Which of these was not a position formerly held by President Thomas Jefferson? • governor of Virginia • secretary of state • vice-president of the United States • president of the 1787 Constitutional Convention • member of Virginia's House of Burgesses

34. Answer: (D)  President of the 1787 Constitutional Convention Explanation:George Washington served as president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Jefferson was Minister to France at that time. Jefferson did however serve in Virginia's House of Burgesses, as governor of Virginia during the Revolutionary War, as the first Secretary of State, and as vice-president to political enemy John Adams. Jefferson's greatest skills were probably not as a politican or diplomat, however, but as a political philosopher and visionary. He penned the Declaration of Independence and following his terms as president, planned the curriculum and designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. At a dinner of Nobel Prize winners in the White House in 1962, President John Kennedy ad libbed "I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent and of human knowledge that has ever been gathered together at the White House – with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone."

35. Of the factors listed below, which one proved critical to the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs? • the overwhelming number of Spanish soldiers • the total lack of organization of the Aztec political and military system • the support of Portuguese soldiers • the pacifist nature of the Aztecs • a smallpox epidemic spread by contact with the Spanish soldiers

36. Answer:    (E)   a smallpox epidemic spread by contact with the Spanish soldiers Explanation:Smallpox devastated the native populations of the New World. The Aztec population, estimated at 30 million when the Spanish arrived in Mexico, was down to 3 million by 1568 and 1.6 million in 1620. Despite having an army of perhaps only 600 Spaniards, Hernan Cortes was able to eventually defeat the Aztec forces and claim Mexico City for Spain in 1521. BUT IF “THE AZTEC USE OF A TRIBUTE SYSTEM” HAD BEEN A CHOICE IT WOULD BE JUST AS TRUE. And if the religious tenet concerning the return of the Gods in the year “Reed One” had been a choice, it would have been just as good b/c this idea predisposed Aztecs to the idea of apocalypse. Had it been JUST a matter of numbers, then 600 v. 1.6 million is still a long shot

37. Which of the following 19th century social reformers advocated  a secular curriculum for public schools, more and better-equipped schoolhouses, higher pay for teachers, and universal compulsory education? • Dorothea Dix • Elijah P. Lovejoy • Angelina Grimke • Horace Mann • Elizabeth Cady Stanton

38. Answer: (D)  Horace Mann Explanation:Known as the "father of American public education," Mann used his position as secretary of the Massachusetts board of education to effect change in schools first in Massachusetts and then throughout the U.S. He advocated better training for teachers, sought to remove religious influence from the curriculum, and urged increased public spending on education.

39. Which member of the Nixon administration was accused of extortion, tax fraud, conspiracy, and bribery? • Attorney General John Mitchell • Commerce Secretary Maurice Stans • Vice-President Spiro Agnew • White House Counsel John Dean • Press Secretary Ron Ziegler

40. Answer: (C)  Vice-President Spiro Agnew Explanation:Spiro "Ted" Agnew, governor of Maryland, was selected by Richard Nixon to be his running-mate in the 1968 election. Agnew was an important piece in Nixon's "Southern Strategy" and became a popular figure for his attacks on Democrats. Though there was some talk of replacing him in the 1972 election, Nixon chose Agnew again as his running-mate. After an investigation turned up a number of criminal charges, Agnew pleaded no contest, resigned from office, and was given a $10,000 fine. He later paid over $260,000 to the state of Maryland. Agnew was replaced by Gerald Ford as vice-president. Agnew was the second vice-president in history to resign, the first being Andrew Jackson's first vice-president, John C. Calhoun.

42. During World War I, anti-German attitudes led to • some German cities and street names being renamed • libraries burning their German-language books in public bonfires • German being dropped from high school curricular offerings • mob violence • all of the above

43. Answer: (E)  all of the above Explanation:Suspicion of the loyalty of German-Americans (and Dutch, Swiss, and other European-Americans confused with Germans) was widespread in the U.S. and resulted in a number of anti-German actions, including banning of German language instruction in schools, renaming sauerkraut "liberty cabbage," book-burnings, and mob violence, including a lynching of a German-American in Illinois who was accused of making disloyal remarks. The Committee of Public Information, led by George Creel, published inflammatory anti-German posters to sell Liberty Bonds and encourage army recruitment.

45. Name the individual who was described in the following ways by these observers for his actions in 1859:Herman Melville--"the meteor of the war“Henry David Thoreau--"an angel of light“Frederick Douglass--"His zeal in the cause of freedom was infinitely superior to mine. Mine was as the taper (candle) light; his was as the burning sun.“ • Abraham Lincoln • John Brown • Stephen Douglas • Robert E. Lee • William Lloyd Garrison

46. Answer: (B)  John Brown • Explanation:Fanatical abolitionist John Brown led a raid on an arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859 in an attempt to start a slave uprising. The raid failed and Brown was captured and hanged. While many Southerners viewed him as an example of the irrational hatred of abolitionists, in the North he was seen by many as a martyr. Douglass wrote of Brown: "John Brown began the war that ended American slavery and made this a free Republic."

48. Who was the abolitionist leader and publisher of The Liberator who referred to the U.S. Constitution as  "the most bloody and heaven-daring arrangement ever made by men for the continuance and protection of a system of the most atrocious villany ever exhibited on earth?" • Theodore Weld • William Lloyd Garrison • Lewis Tappan • Elijah P. Lovejoy • John Quincy Adams

49. Answer: (B)  William Lloyd Garrison Explanation: Garrison was a member of the American Colonization Society which supported sending ex-slaves back to Africa, but broke with them in 1830 and began publishing The Liberator in 1831. He advocated for the immediate and complete abolition of slavery and rejected any attempts at compromise on the issue. He wrote: "I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD."

50. Which of the following is not an example of religious revivalism in American history? • the mass rallies of Billy Graham • the preaching of George Whitefield during the Great Awakening • the Cane Ridge, Kentucky camp meetings • Billy Sunday's tent meetings • the radio broadcasts of Father Charles Coughlin