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COLLEGE BASKETBALL

COLLEGE BASKETBALL. OVERVIEW COLLEGE BASKETBALL. LOCAL SPORT TIMES, 1890-1920 INDOOR ARENA ERA, 1920s RELIEF GAMES NIT AND MADISON SQUARE GARDEN THE GARDEN COLLAPSE, 1950-60 BASKETBALL IN THE 60s NCAA AND TELEVISION “SCANDAL SCHOOLS” TIMES 1980-2000. LOCAL GYM SPORT ERA, 1890-1920.

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COLLEGE BASKETBALL

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  1. COLLEGE BASKETBALL

  2. OVERVIEW COLLEGE BASKETBALL • LOCAL SPORT TIMES, 1890-1920 • INDOOR ARENA ERA, 1920s • RELIEF GAMES • NIT AND MADISON SQUARE GARDEN • THE GARDEN COLLAPSE, 1950-60 • BASKETBALL IN THE 60s • NCAA AND TELEVISION • “SCANDAL SCHOOLS” TIMES 1980-2000

  3. LOCAL GYM SPORT ERA, 1890-1920 • BASKETBALL HAS ITS ORIGINS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASES AND AS A SCHOOL GYM EXERCISE • AS BASKETBALL COURTS WERE INCLUDED IN PLAYGROUNDS AND PUBLIC PARKS BASKETBALL BECAME AN URBAN RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY OUTSIDE SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES, ACCESSIBLE TO LARGER GROUPS. • FOLLOWING THE EXAMPLE OF YMCA AND COLLEGES, CHURCHES AND FACTORIES ALSO BUILT GYMS WITH BASKETBALL COURTS IN THIS TIME PERIOD. • IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY BASKETBALL PROSPERED IN COLLEGE, INDUSTRIAL AND CITY AND REGIONAL LEAGUES • URBAN LEAGUES SOON BECAME A POPULAR FORM OF COMPETITION AND ENTERTAINMENT • IMMIGRANT GROUPS IN URBAN AREAS WERE THE MOST DOMINANT ATHLETES IN THE SPORT

  4. BASKETBALL AND INDOOR ARENAS, 1920s • IN THE 1920s BASKETBALL EXPERIENCED A SIGNIFICANT TRANSITION AND BECAME A SOURCE OF ENTERTAINMENT FOR URBAN AREAS IN THE U.S. • BOXING PROMOTERS, ARENA OWNERS DECIDED TO MAKE THE SPORT A SIDE SHOW FOR TIMES WHEN THE INDOOR FACILITY WAS NOT OCCUPIED WITH BOXING OR WRESTLING MATCHES. • BOXING PROMOTERS AND ARENA ENTREPRENEURS PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN TRANSFORMING BASKETBALL INTO A PROSPEROUS BUSINESS. THEY ORGANIZED EXHIBITION GAMES, MINI TOURNAMENTS, WITH DIFFERENT BASKETBALL TEAMS. • BASKETBALL FOLLOWED A BOXING-STYLE, WRESTLING-STYLE FORMAT, IN WHICH LOCAL, REGIONAL, ETHNIC RIVALRIES WERE DISPLAYED IN THE COURT

  5. RELIEF GAMES • DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION IN THE 1930s BASKETBALL BECAME AN EXTREMELY POPULAR FORM OF ENTERTAINMENT IN NEW YORK CITY. • 1931 JIMMY WALKER, NYC MAYOR COMMISSIONED A GROUP OF SPORTS WRITERS TO ORGANIZE TRIPLE-HEADERS AT THE MADISON SQUARE GARDEN, THE PURPOSE OF THESE MINI TOURNAMENTS WAS TO SECURE FUNDS FOR PUBLIC ASSISTANCE. THEY WERE CALLED RELIEF GAMES. • THE NY CITY RELIEF FUND GAMES, BETWEEN 1931-33 BECAME AN INSTANT SUCCESS FOR MEDIA AND GENERAL PUBLIC/ • E. “NED” IRISH, EMERGED AS BASKETBALL ENTREPRENEUR, FROM 1934 ON, AND FOLLOWED BOXING NETWROK AAND “RECIPY” PROMOTIONS • IN 1936 DURING A LONG ISLAND-STANFORD GAME, ANGELO LUISETTI WAS CREDITED WITH THE FIRST ONE-HAND SHOT IN THE SPORT.

  6. 1938-1950 NIT GOLDEN TIMES • FOLLOWING ON THE SUCCESS OF THE RELIEF GAMES AND IRISH’S PROMOTION, BASKETBALL BECAME A REGULAR FEATURE FOR INDOOR ARENAS IN URBAN AREAS. • THE MADISON SQUARE GARDEN PROMOTIONS DEMONSTRATED THAT BASKETBALL COULD BE AN ATTRACTIVE FORM OF ENTERTAINMENT FOR WIDE AUDIENCES. • METRO BASKETBALL WRITERS’ ASSOCIATION IN NYC, BECAME THE ORGANIZERS IN 1938 OF THE FIRST NATIONAL INVITATIONAL TOURNAMENT IN COLLEGE BASKETBALL. • NIT TO DETERMINE NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP. • 1939 NCAA FIRST POST-SEASON TOURNAMENT • THE NIT EXPERIENCED TREMENDOUS FINANCIAL SUCCESS • 1950 DOUBLE/TRIPLE HEADERS AT MSG +600,000 IN ATTENDANCE

  7. THE GARDEN COLLAPSE • IN THE 1950s BASKETBALL EXPERIENCED A DRASTIC CRISIS SIMILAR TO THE BLACK SOX SCANDAL IN 1919-20. THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN COLLEGE BASKETBALL, GAMBLING AND ORGANIZED CRIME BROUGHT THE SPORT TO AN IMMINENT COLLAPSE. • 1951 NYC D.A. FRANK HOGAN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION INTO MSG BASKETBALL TOURNAMENTS CONCLUDED: • 32 PLAYERS FROM 7 COLLEGE TEAMS PARTICIPATED IN FIXING POINT SPREADS • GAMBLERS HAVE ADAPTED TO BASKETBALL SCORES AND POINT SPREAD WAS NOW A REGULAR FEATURE IN SPORTS GAMBLING. • “SHAVING POINTS” HAD BECOME A PRACTICE BY WINNING TEAMS, AND/OR KEY PLAYERS INVOLVED WITH ORGANIZED CRIME AND PROFESSIONAL GAMBLERS.

  8. ROAD TO THE GARDEN PRACTICES • IN ADDITION TO GAMBLING ACTIVITIES, INVESTIGATIONS UNCOVERED SIGNIFICANT VIOLATIONS IN THE AMATEUR STATUS OF ATHLETES PARTICIPATING IN COLLEGE BASKETBALL TOURNAMENTS: • ILLEGAL RECRUITMENT OF ATHLETES • MORE THAN 500 PLAYERS WITH “WORKING POSITIONS” IN AND OUTSIDE THEIR COLLEGES. • FOR JOURNALISTS AND COLLEGE AUTHORITIES IT BECAM CLEAR THAT COLLEGE BASKETBALL SHOULD NOT BE FEATURED BY BIG CITY’S ARENAS’. THE CRISIS WAS SEEN AS THE MADISON SQUARE GARDEN’S AND OTHER ARENAS’ FAULT. • BASKETBALL PROGRAMS AT NEW YORK METROPOLITAN COLLEGES TERMINATED • COLLEGE SPORTS IN BOXING ARENAS BANNED • IRISH DOUBLE-HEADERS FINISHED

  9. BASKETBALL IN THE 60s • AFTER THE MADISON SQUARE GARDEN COLLAPSE, COLLEGE BASKETBALL MIGRATED OUT OF URBAN ARENAS • STATE UNIVERSITIES, WITH THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND POLITICAL CLOUD TO BUILD LARGE INDOOR ARENAS, BECAME PERFECT HOSTS TO COLLEGE BASKETBALL SUCCESSFUL FRANCHISES. • STATE UNIVERSITIES, (KANSAS, KENTUCKY, UCLA, ETCETERA) BECAME NEW MAGNETS FOR COLLEGE BASKETBALL. • SIGNIFICANT ETHNIC DISTRIBUTION CHANGES TOOK PLACE IN THE COMPOSITION OF TEAMS IN NCAA TOURNAMENTS. • IRISH-JEWISH-ITALIAN WERE REPLACED BY AFRICAN AMERICAN PLAYERS, AS THE AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION’S PRESENCE WAS MORE SIGNIFICANT IN URBAN AREAS. • AFRICAN AMERICAN ATHLETES BROUGHT NEW STYLES INTO THE SPORT, WHICH BECAME MORE INDIVIDUALIST, MORE PHYSICAL, AND MORE COMPETITIVE. INDIVIDUALISM, BALL-HANDLING, SPEED, STRENGTH BECAME KEY FEATURES IN THE SPORT. • UCLA WAS THE ATHLETIC PROGRAM THAT BETTER ADAPTED TO THE NEW SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES, CREATING A LONG-LASTING DINASTY. MOREOVER, THE HEIGHT OF PLAYERS INCREASED IN DRAMATIC RATES (CALLED THE HEIGHT REVOLUTION)

  10. NCAA AND TELEVISION • 1970s COLLEGE BASKETBALL MAJOR TV ENTERTAINMENT • NCAA TOURNAMENT EXPANDED TO 64 • 1990s FINAL FOUR PASSED BASEBALL WORLD SERIES IN RATINGS • 1994 CBS BIGGEST TV CONTRACT IN HISTORY FOR “MARCH MADNESS” 1.750 BILLIONS TO NCAA

  11. TV AND COLLEGE BASKETBALL • “HOUSE RULES” TRADITION, TV BROADCAST NEGOTIATED WITH EACH COLLEGE. • 1953 NCAA GAINED CONTROL OF FOOTBALL BROADCASTING RIGHTS • 1956 STUDENT/ATHLETE SCHOLARSHIPS FORMAT • 1966 “GAME OF THE WEEK”: NOTRE DAME-MICHIGAN STATE, BIG SHOW PRODUCTION, “GAME OF THE CENTURY”. • COLLEGE SPORTS PROFITABLE TV ENTERPRISE • 1968 NCAA SIGNED FIRST “SINGLE PACKAGE” CONTRACT WITH NBC FOR BASKETBALL TOURNAMENT ($2 MILLION DEAL)

  12. TV AND COLLEGE BASKETBALL • 1970s COLLEGE BASKETBALL MAJOR TV ENTERTAINMENT • CANHAM, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN A.D. COPY RIGHT “M” MERCHANDISE WOLVERINE PRODUCTS, FOLLOWING ROZELLE MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR THE NFL • 1982 NOTRE DAME, OKLAHOMA, GEORGIA FILED SUIT vs. NCAA TV BROADCASTING RIGHTS, 1984 U.S. SUPREME COURT RULED AGAINST NCAA, ALLOWING UNIVERSITIES TO NEGOTIATE SEPARATELY. • 1985 NCAA TOURNAMENT EXPANDED TO 64; • 80% TOTAL NCAA INCOME FROM BB TV CONTRACTS IN 1980s • SATELITE CABLE BROADCASTING, HIGH QUALITY/ INEXPENSIVE/ MULTIREGIONAL COVERAGE. • 1990s FINAL FOUR PASSED BASEBALL WORLD SERIES IN RATINGS • 1994 CBS BIGGEST TV CONTRACT IN HISTORY FOR “MARCH MADNESS” 1,750 MILLIONS TO NCAA

  13. COLLEGE SPORTS - CABLE • ESPN, CREATED IN 1979 • CHET SIMMONS, ABC WIDE WORLD OF SPORTS 1960s, PRESIDENT NBC SPORTS IN 1970s. • BILL RASMUSSEN, P.R./ANNOUNCER NEW ENGLAND WHALERS HOCKEY, FIRST ESPN PRESIDENT • GETTY OIL COMPANY, MAIN INVESTOR, 85%

  14. ESPN & NCAA • COLLEGE BASKETBALL, FOOTBALL. • CELEBRITY BROADCASTERS (VITALE, BERMAN, PATRICK, OLBERMAN) • SPORTS CENTER, ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR NIGHTLY NEWS SHOWS, PRODUCED AS A SITCOM WRITERS TEAM, HUMOR, ANALYSIS, INFORMATION.

  15. ESPN SUCCESS • SPORTS, +RELEVANCE AS SOURCE OF INCOME FOR TV CABLE/NETWORKS • TRASH SPORTS, MADE FOR TV CONTESTS, CELEBRITIES CHALLENGE • 1990s DISNEY-ABC-ESPN • 1995 EXTREME-GAMES (X-GAMES) LAUNCHED BY ESPN • 1997 ABC-ESPN BOUGHT BY DISNEY • 2004 ESTIMATE: $500 MILL. YEAR-PROFITS, 1.5 BILLION REVENUE, 15.5 BILL.MARKET VALUE.

  16. “SCANDAL SCHOOLS” ERA • IN THE LAST DECADES OF THE 20TH CENTURY SCHOLARS HAVE IDENTIFIED A TRIPLE CRISIS IN COLLEGE SPORTS: • INTEGRITY OF ATHLETIC PROGRAMS: MORE AND MORE ATHLETIC PROGRAMS HAVE RECEIVED SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS OF NCAA POLICIES REGARDING RECRUITING AND SUBSIDIES TO STUDENT-ATHLETES. A NUMBER OF PRESTIGIOUS SCHOOLS HAVE BEEN FORCED TO VACATE CHAMPIONSHIPS AND TITLES. • ATHLETES’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF INCREASING SCRUTINY BY NCAA OFFICIALS • RISING COSTS OF COLLEGE SPORTS IS MAKING COLLEGE SPORTS MORE AND MORE DEPENDENT ON TV REVENUE, TV CONTRACTS AND TV RULES

  17. NCAA 2005 FOOTBALL SEASON / HIGHEST EXPENSES BY TEAM (IN MILLIONS)

  18. NCAA 2005-6 SEASON/ HIGHEST EXPENSES BY UNIVERSITY (IN MILLIONS)

  19. NCAA REFORMS, 1984-2000 • 90% COLLEGE ATHLETIC PROGRAMS WITH MORE EXPENSES THAN INCOME • COACHES HIGHEST PAID UNIVERSITY OFFICIALS • 1984 NCAA REFORMATION: DEATH PENALTY FOR ATHLETIC PROGRAMS, INCREASE TIX PRICE, EXPAND COLLEGE STADIUMS, FOLLOW NBA AND NFL PRO-MODEL

  20. COLLEGE REVENUE SPORTS DEBATE • AS ATHLETIC DEPARTMENTS ARE ACCELERATING THE PROCESS OF PROFESSIONALIZATION IN COLLEGE SPORTS, IN TERMS OF INFRASTRUCTURE, MANAGEMENT, FACILITIES AND SERVICES TO THE SPECTATORS/CONSUMERS, A DEBATE ON THE STATUS OF REVENUE SPORTS IN GAINING MOMENTUM: • ACCORDING TO ONE OF THE PERSPECTIVES NCAA BASKETBALL AND FOOTBALL ATHLETES SHOULD BE REMUNERATED AT MARKET-VALUE RATES TO COMPLETE THE FULL PROFESSIONALIZATION OF COLLEGE SPORTS. WHAT DO YOU THINK? • OTHERS SEEM TO THINK THAT “REVENUE-SPORTS” IN COLLEGE SHOULD BE MANAGED INDEPENDENTLY FROM ATHLETIC PROGRAMS, WITHOUT SUBSIDIES FROM THEIR UNIVERSITIES. WHAT DO YOU THINK? • FINALLY A MORE TRADITIONALIST PERSPECTIVE MAINTAINS THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONTINUE WITH THE STATUS QUO

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