IMPERIALISM CHAPTER 12

1. IMPERIALISM CHAPTER 12

2. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism not only describes colonial and territorial policies, but also economic and/or military dominance and influence. • Imperialism is the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination. • The Imperialism of the last 500 years is expansionist Imperialism is usually autocratic, and also sometimes monolithic - having a massive, unchanging structure that does not permit individual variation

3. New Imperialism • New Imperialism is the period from 1850 – 1914. In this time, European nations conquered or dominated the majority of the Third World nations in places like Africa and Asia. • The Europeans needed external markets for their manufactured goods because they all had trade barriers between each other, so they couldn’t sell their goods.

4. New Imperialism and AngloSaxonism • Anglo Saxonism is the idea that the white, Christian nations of the west were destined to control the world. • This thinking was due to the Social Darwinist ideas of survival of the fittest. • The Social Darwinists loved this idea. The poorer nations would obviously be conquered by the richer nations because that was what evolution demanded. • This was racist thinking because it also reinforced the idea that darker skinned, non Christian people were genetically inferior.

5. Josiah Strong • Josiah Strong was a protestant minister that believed it was the Christian duty of western nations to bring Christianity to the people of Africa and Asia. • Strong believed that all races could be improved and uplifted if brought to Christ.

6. Protectorate • Many colonized territories are referred to as protectorates. • On the surface these places, like Cuba and Hawaii, were independent countries • But they were not considered separate countries under international law (which was written by Europeans and Americans) • They are so dominated by other countries that they are, in reality, colonies.

7. Matthew Perry and the Opening of Japan • Matthew Perry was the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who forced the opening of Japan to the West in 1854. • He docked in Edo (Tokyo) harbor in 1853 with 3 warships. • The Japanese had never seen modern steamships and were frightened by them. • Perry essentially forced the Japanese to trade with us. • The fear of being conquered led the Japanese to modernize.

8. QueenLiliuokalani • The Mckinley Tariff on Sugar ruined the economies of Hawaii and Cuba and led to the overthrow of their governments. • The economic problems were hard on the sugar and pineapple plantations of Hawaii. • 1893, a group composed of Americans formed a Committee of Safety seeking to overthrow the Hawaiian Kingdom and seek annexation to the United States. • Ambassador John L. Stevens summoned a company of U.S. Marines from the USS Boston and two companies of U.S. Navy sailors to take up positions at the U.S. Consulate. • the presence of these troops, supposedly to prevent violence, made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself

9. Annexation • Annexation is the taking of territory into another country • Usually, it is implied that the territory and population being annexed is the smaller and weaker • It can also mean expansionism

10. James G. Blaine • James G. Blaine was Secretary of State. • He pushed for a canal across PanamaUnited States and created the Pan-American Conference which met in Washington in October, 1889. • He wanted two things from the conference: for the South American countries to join a Customs Union and to drop their trade barriers to American goods. • He also formed the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics to promote trade. This later became the Organization of American States or OAS.

11. Alfred Thayer Mahan and the New Navy • Alfred Thayer Mahan was a Navy officer and historian • His concept of "sea power" was based on the idea that the most powerful navy will control the globe it was most famously presented in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783

12. Spanish American War • The Spanish–American War was in 1898 between Spain and the United States. • There were a series of revolts against Spanish rule in Cuba. Cuba had been ruled b y the Spanish for 200 years and the empire was falling apart. • The Mckinley Tariff destroyed the Cuban sugar economy and this led to more revolts. • The Spanish responded by appointing Weyler head of the military in Cuba. Weyler created a series of concentration camps to house the revolutionaries.

13. American Entry into the War • American public opinion grew more angry at reports of Spanish atrocities, magnified by the "yellow journalism". • After the sinking of the Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed President William McKinley into a war McKinley had wished to avoid. • Compromise proved impossible, resulting in an ultimatum sent to Madrid, which was not accepted.First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war.

14. Yellow Journalism • Yellow journalism is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines • Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism. • The most famous Yellow Journalists of this period were William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

15. Jingoism • Jingoism is exagerrated and emotional patriotism. • It refers to the use of threats or actual force against other countries in order to safeguard what patriots perceive as their country's national interests. • Usually it means excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others – an extreme type of nationalism. • It is usually linked with racism. • Jingoism was intensified by the sinking of the battleship USS Maine in Havana harbour that led to the Spanish-American War of 1898.

16. Spanish American War • Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. A series of one-sided American naval and military victories followed on all fronts, owing to their superiority. • The first of these battles was the Battle of Manila Bay in which Admiral George Dewey led the US Navy in surprising the Spanish Navy. • This battle was the first and ultimately most important battle of the war.

17. Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders • This was the 1st cavalry regiment of the US Army. • It was organized and commanded by Captain Leonard Wood. • The Undersecretary of the Navy, Teddy Roosevelt resigned and became part of this unit. Teddy raised volunteers from cowboys in the west and Harvard polo players. • The only real engagement was at Kettle Hill (renamed San Juan Hill). • This battle made Teddy famous and led to his nomination as Vice President and election with William Mckinley in 1900.

18. End of the War • The end of the war came with the Treaty of Paris—which was favorable to the U.S. • This was followed by temporary American control of Cuba and indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. • Puerto Rico was declared an American territory by the Foraker Act • The Phillipines remained under American control until given their independence in 1946 • The Platt Amendment gave independence to Cuba, but the US retained the right to interfere in Cuban politics if they did something we didn’t like.

19. McKinley and Roosevelt • William Mckinley was assassinated in 1901 by an anarchist, Czogloz. • Roosevelt became the youngest vice president in history. • He brought a youthful vision to the presidency and believed that the US needed to play a bigger role in world affairs.

20. China and the Boxer Rebellion • At this time, China was being essentially divided up by the Europeans. • They did not formally claim territory, the just created “spheres of influence” in which they controlled the commercial and legal systems within their territory. • If an Englishman killed a Chinese citizen in the English sphere of influence, he couldn’t be prosecuted by the Chinese.

21. The Boxer Rebellion • Spheres of influence and european corruption led to the Boxer Rebellion. • The Boxers were called the “Righteous Fists of Harmony and Justice”. • The Rebellion was anti-imperialist and anti-Christian. • The initial success of the rebellion led the European countries to send a military force to China and just carve it up. • The United States Secretary of State, John Hay issued the Open Door Note, in which he warned the Europeans not to carve up and close China to the world, but to leave it open.

22. Russo/Japanese War of 1904 • The Japanese learned the lessons of modernization well. • By 1900 they had one of the strongest navies in the world and was starting to attempt to create colonies and an empire of their own, particularly in China. • As they expanded into China, they ran into the Russians in the north. The Russians had always wanted a warm water port on the Pacific in Manchuria and they considered this area to be thiers.

23. Russo Japanese War • The conflict between the Japanese and Russians in Manchuria led to the Russo/Japanese War in 1904. • This war was a huge surprise to the West. • The Japanese inflicted huge defeats at Port Arthur and Tsushima (a surprise, dawn attack that the Americans should have paid attention to) • The defeat of a white, western industrialized army by the Japanese was shocking. • It was so shocking to the Russians that it led to the first of the Russian Revolutions in 1905. • Theodore Roosevelt set up the Portsmouth Treaty that ended the war and received a Nobel Prize for it.

24. Panama Canal • The Panama Canal is a ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean • It is one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the canal had an enormous impact on shipping between the two oceans, replacing the long and treacherous route via the Drake Passage and Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of South America. • The concept of a canal near Panama dates to the early 16th century. The first attempt to construct a canal began in 1880 under French leadership, but was abandoned after 21,900 workers died, largely from disease (particularly malaria and yellow fever) and landslides. • The United States launched a second effort, incurring a further 5,600 deaths but succeeding in opening the canal in 1914.

25. Roosevelt Corollary • The Roosevelt Corollary was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. • This poisoned United States and Latin American relations because of American interventions in Cuba, Nicaragua, Santo Domingo and Haiti.

26. Dollar Diplomacy • Dollar Diplomacy is the term used to describe the effort of the United States — particularly under President William Howard Taft — to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries • It was known as dollar diplomacy because of it paid for and supported dictators without the US having to deploy combat troops