BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemical processes are chemical reactions that occur in ALL living things

1. BIOCHEMISTRYBiochemical processes are chemical reactions that occur in ALL living things

2. Objectives: Classify the variety of organic compounds. Compare the chemical structures macromolecules and relate their importance to living things.

3. Lesson 1 Organic vs. Inorganic

4. Do Now • What are living creatures made of?Why do we have to eat?

5. 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) Elements of Life

6. Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA Molecules of Life

7. The Role of Carbon in Organisms • Organic compounds contain carbon & hydrogen • Inorganic compounds do not contain both carbon & hydrogen

8. Which of the following molecules is considered organic?

9. Acids and Bases • Use the pH scale to determine acidity

10. In class assignment • Acid - Base lab

11. Homework • Complete acid – base lab

12. Lesson 2 Monomers and Polymers

13. Do Now • How does a cookie “stick together”? • Why doesn’t it fall apart?

14. Building large molecules of life • Chain together smaller molecules • building block molecules = monomers • Big molecules built from little molecules • polymers

15. Building large organic molecules • Small molecules = building blocks • Bond them together =polymers

16. Making and Breaking of POLYMERS • Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis (building up) Short polymer Unlinked monomer Removal ofwater molecule Longer polymer

17. Making and Breaking of POLYMERS • Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split) Addition ofwater molecule

18. In class assignment • Make 2 monomers of glucose C6H12O6 out of play dough (3 colors) • Create a polymer by simulating dehydration synthesis • Create 5 monomers by simulating hydrolysis

19. Lesson 3 Macromolecules – Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

20. Do Now • Fill in the food pyramid • Why don’t we need the same amounts of each food group everyday?

21. 1. CARBOHYDRATES • composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom: (1:2:1)

22. The structure of carbohydrates • The monomer (building block) of a carbohydrate is a simple sugar called amonosaccharide* • (ie. glucose, fructose) • are the fuels for cellular work • Function as energy storage • *(Mono ~ one • sacchar ~ sugar)

23. Monosaccharides can join to form disaccharides*, such as sucrose (table sugar) • *di ~ two; sacchar ~ sugar • polymers of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

24. In class assignment • Carbohydrate Demo • Chew a matzo cracker for 60 seconds • Record: • Taste as you start to chew • Taste as you finish chewing • Taste pure glucose • What is the relationship between the taste of the matzo cracker and the taste of glucose

25. 2. Lipids • composed largely of carbon and hydrogen • They are not true polymers • They are grouped together because they do not mix with water • (ie. fats, oils, waxes)

26. Lipids include fats, • Fats are lipids whose main function is long term energy storage • Other functions: • Insulation in higher vertebrates • “shock absorber” for internal organs Fatty acid Fatty acid

27. Saturated & Unsaturated fats • fatty acids of unsaturated fats (plant oils) contain double bonds • These prevent them from solidifying at room temperature • Saturated fats (lard) lack double bonds • They are solid at room temperature

28. In class assignment • Lipid demo • Blend a high fat food for 60 seconds. • What floats to the surface after mixing? • What can you conclude from this observation?

29. In class assignment • Dna video • What do you know about DNA?

30. 3. Nucleic acids • complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code. • 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the instructions used to form all of an organism’s proteins. • 2. RNA(ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA for use in making proteins. • They ultimately control the life of a cell

31. The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides • Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base Nitrogenousbase (A) Phosphategroup Sugar

32. Homework • Carbohydrate/Lipid Worksheet

33. Lesson 4 Macromolecules - Proteins

34. Do Now • PROTEINS video

35. 4. PROTEINS • Essential to the structures and activities of life • Make up 50% of dry weight of cells • Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen PLUS nitrogen and sometimes sulfur • Proteins are involved in • cellular structure • Movement (muscles) • Defense (antibodies) • Transport (blood) • Communication • Monomers are called amino acids

36. The structure of proteins • 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins. • Their diversity is based on different arrangements of amino acids • R = variable group- which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids

37. A protein’s specific shape determines its function • A protein consists of polypeptide chains folded into a unique shape • The shape determines the protein’s function • A protein loses its specific function when its polypeptides unravel

38. Macromolecules

39. Enzymes • Enzymes are important proteins found in living things. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. • (SEE SEPARATE LECTURE.)

40. In class assignment • Protein demo: • Add a few drops of nitric acid to a hardboiled egg white • What happened? • Prepare jello demo

41. Homework • Protein Worksheet