Chapter 27

1. Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion “IMPERIALISM” Timeframe: 1890-1909

2. American Foreign & Domestic Policy ________: the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal ______________________, often in the form of an ____, based on _________________________________." _________________ : the theory that supports war Post Civil War America: ____________________ _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________ DOMESTIC Issue: America focused on a domestic agenda and _________ Foreign Issue: Emerge as a “___________” for _________________through military strength, and social structure New Conscious: STRENGTH, land hungry, pride….

3. 3 GOALS / Influences of American Imperialism • _______________________ (2) _____________________________________ • Alfred T. Mahan – ___________________________ • Purpose: the key to a nation’s power is to build up your military (__________________) • Teddy Roosevelt’s (___________) _________________ *Paint ships WHITE and cruise all around the world Purpose: _________________________________ (3) _____________________________________ *Saving Souls / Civilizing the uncivilized Example: Rev. Josiah Strong’s Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis. __________________________________ (_______________________________) - British Poem published in 1899

4. Latin American Imperialism________________ • James G. Blaine’s “________________________-” • to get Latin American countries behind the leadership of the U.S (Latin American Markets will be open to Yankee Traders) *_______________________ Washington D.C. (First conference to build a stronger relationship with Latin America) Extension of the __________________

5. HAWAII • Hawaii had been alluring to Americans since the early 1800's when shippers, sailors, whalers, and missionaries went there. • Why is America interested: • Shippers, merchants, sailors (_____________) – Pearl Harbor • Entrenched in Sugar and Fruit plantations ($) • America already largely ran the country through economic issues as the plantations flourished MAJOR Problem: Concerns were that • _______________________ and • ________________________(1890) = “protective tariff” was too strict How do we fix it?!?

6. Queen Liliuokalani • Last reigning queen of the Hawaiian Monarchy • Stood up for / defended the Hawaiian people from the imperialistic powers of the American leaders “_______________________________” - ____________________________ (1893) Led under the influence of the American Embassy Leader (__________________) “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe…and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it” Papers were drawn up and sent to Washington D.C. Purpose: Annex the Hawaiian islands into America *1892 – final year of Harrison’s term 1893 – President Cleveland (2nd term)WITHDREW the treaty! The United States would eventually GET / TAKE Hawaii in 1898

7. Spain and Cuba • 1895 – 1st Cuban Revolt: Cuban rebels (plantation burners) have an uprising against the oppressive Spanish leaders. (MOST FAMOUS: _____________) *Main focus: UNITED STATES “supports” Cuba • ______________________________________ • it would be good for the ______________________ _____________________________________________ (3) Cuba ___________________________where the U.S. was dreaming of a ___________________. Problem: Spain wants to restore order in Cuba!

8. _______________ “The Butcher” - Spanish General sent to restore order against the Cuban rebels Tactics: created concentration camps (1/3 of Cuban Population) Yellow Journalist LOVED these stories!

9. Causes of the Spanish American War (Indirect Cause of the Spanish American War) (1) _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________ William Randolph Hearst sent Frederic Remington down to Cuba and said “________________________________________________________________!” Purpose: (Indirect Cause of the Spanish American War) (2) _________________________________________________: Spanish official Dupuy de Lôme wrote a letter which criticized Pres. McKinley William Randolph Hearst published the letter for all to read; Americans were upset. Cuban rebel intercepts and passes it along to America (Direct Cause of the Spanish – American War) (3) ___________________________: February 15, 1898, when the U.S.S. Maineexploded at night in Havana harbor killing 260 American sailors. 1976 – U.S. found out Spain did not cause explosion

10. Spanish-American War in the Philippines Teddy Roosevelt (Secretary of the Navy) sends________________________to move to the Philippines (controlled by Spain) if war broke out. May 1, 1898, Dewey moves out Spanish Navy vs. American Navy (We were beasts!) Philippine Action: ___________________ led Filipino rebels against Spain (supported America) TURNED AGAINST AMERICA and led the Philippine-American War (_________________________) (ONLY country to fight America after the Spanish-American War ….from a result of freedom from Spain) Result: The Philippines were sold to America for $20 Million and Congress annexed them into America as a “_________________” Def: After, Congress and McKinley wanted Hawaii…so they took it (annexation) on July 7, 1898 Let’s go to Cuba

11. Spanish-American War in Cuba • U.S. harbored in at Tampa, Florida • Spain in Santiago, Cuba *More deaths from disease than bullets ***********_______________________– led by __________________and Leonard Wood • Volunteer Calvary that fought the Spanish soldiers in Cuba • Roosevelt resigned from the Secretary of Navy position • American ships from Tampa down to Santiago, Cuba. • *After the success with Cuba, America wants Puerto Rico!

12. End of Spanish-American War • _________________ (1898) • Nicknamed the “___________________” • Coined by John Hay (Secretary of War) • “______________________________” (LATER) • Armistice (_______________) was signed between America and Spain on August 12, 1898

13. Gains from the Treaty of Paris ______________and independent, as the Teller Amendment had said it would be. The U.S. gained • ________________________ • ________________________ • assumed control of the ___________________. *Most significant threat: Philippines Ideas: • ______________________________ • ______________________________ • ________________ McKinley’s Decision?_____________

14. Back to the PhilippinesPhilippine-American War 1899-1902 • The Filipino people felt tricked when they weren't given their independence after the Spanish-American War. • ___________________, the Filipino Army led an rebellion against the American soldiers • Filipinos were led by Emilio Aguinaldo America dips below morals: • Water-Boarding • Set up concentration camps similar to Weyler's in Cuba! • Killed innocent Filipinos searching for freedom

15. McKinley’s Reaction / Building the Philippines • Sent __________________(Later President in 1908-1912) to act as the government leader in the Philippines • “________________________"—slow Americanization! • With millions in American money, the infrastructure (roads, sanitation, etc.) was greatly improved. Public health improved as well, trade, school****Builds into his ___________________with Latin America - guaranteeing loans to Latin American businesses - Outcome: American economic presence in Latin America • Still, the Filipino's wanted freedom. Independence was finally granted just after WWII, on July 4, 1946.

16. Puerto Rico • Under American control after the Spanish-American War • Under Military Rule until the ____________(1900) was established • Full U.S. citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans in 1917 • Foraker Act: ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________ • _____________________________: Question: Do rights apply to the new cultures under American law • America's laws and customs do not necessarily extend to these new lands

17. Cuba’s Teller Documents Vs. Platt Amendment __________________: Congress proclaimed American _________________Cuba and would grant Cuba their freedom Problem: After America won the Spanish-American War in 1898, Cuba was granted their freedom. While America helped Cuba win independence, their newly written Cuban constitution __________________________________________________! Platt Amendment: America forced the Cuban leaders to amend their Constitution and place a relationship. • ________________________ that the U.S. didn't like. • Cuba couldn't take on too much debt. The __________________________________if necessary. • U.S can build a _______________________ • This became the "Guantanamo Bay" military base. • Detainment camp

18. John Hay’s Open Door Policy / Spheres of Influence • Japan defeats China in a war in 1895 • _____________________________________________________– coining the phrase “____________________________” (SOI) United States – influences the ___________________ Europe – influences the _______________________ • JOHN HAY writes influential letters to these European leaders saying the ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ • European reaction: • Chinese reaction: • American reaction

19. ____________________ • Chinese Martial Artists sprung up to “______________________” • China got smashed and was charged! • China's fine was $333 million; America's cut would be $24.5 million. Feeling guilty about such a high amount, the U.S. used $18 million to educate Chinese students in American universities. • After: the ___________________was accepted • TRADE WITH CHINA WAS OPEN TO EVERYONE!

20. 1900 Presidential Election • Just like 1896 _____________________(Populist/Dem.) Vs. ____________________(Rep.) McKinley wins reelection Why? (Teddy Roosevelt was his running mate) Only six months after being reelected, McKinley was shot and killed in Buffalo, NY by a mentally unstable man. V.P. Teddy Roosevelt became the youngest president ever at only 42 years old.

21. Teddy Roosevelt and the Panama Canal • America, and Teddy Roosevelt, lusted after a canal across isthmus of Central America. • The Spanish-American War showed that ______________________________. A canal would also be _________________________. Purpose: • ________________________ • ____________________________ Problems: (1) Diseases (2) Task -largest modern engineering undertaking to date - finished in 1914 - cost $400 million

22. _____________________(1901) • _________________________(remember?) • Signed between Britain and the U.S. that neither Could habitat certain Latin American areas Britain decided to push their aggression to the side ___________________________________ Treaty (1901) 2 Choices: (1) _______________ – Volcano erupts killing 300,000 people (2) _____________________ – obvious choiceProblem: Panama is controlled by _______________________ Panamanian Revolution (1901) - Panamanian rebels revolted against Colombia and shot a Colombian leader and a donkey • America was “conveniently ” offshore and helped Panama wins independence from Colombia • MAIN RESULT: leased the canal to the U.S. for $10 million and $250,000/year for a 10 mile wide canal strip. • ISSUE: U.S –__________________________________________! U.S. appeared as bullying Latin America around! (______________)

23. TR “ADDS” to the Monroe Doctrine/ _____________________________ • Latin American / Caribbean countries owe $ to Europe (_____________________________.) • TR thinks they will come collect and interfere with the Monroe Doctrine (1823)! • To solve his worries, TR creates the Roosevelt Corollary – an extension to the Monroe Doctrine in which states act as policemen “__________________________________________________________________!” Monroe Doctrine: “Europe, don’t intervene!” Roosevelt Corollary: “Europe, we will intervene for you!” (Collecting taxes) “_____________________ _______________________” (TR) ________________vs. (FDR) __________________

26. Roosevelt on the World Stage ________________________ (1905) • Between ______________over expansion rights in ______________(Manchuria) • TR was hired as mediator • Treaty of _________________ solved the problem • Outcome: split the land • Relationships between Russia, Japan and America soured! • Result: TR wins the ________________________

27. Japanese Laborers in California / Immigration Restriction • In 1906, ____________was recovering from a devastating earthquake and fire. The school board ordered __________________-of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students. • POSSIBLE WAR!!!!!!!!! • Roosevelt invited the school board to the White House where he mediated a deal known as the “____________________." It said that the school board would _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________.

28. ___________________ • William Taft (President after Roosevelt 1908-1912) arranged American bankers to LOAN money to Latin America Overall Outcome: U.S. government will “GUARANTEE” loans made to Latin American countries that are made by American businesses • Purpose: ___________________________ • **** To have a U.S. presence in Latin America Famous Quote: “Dollars for Bullets”

29. Woodrow Wilson’s _____________ Progressive President: _____________ (WWI = 1914-1918) *Gave the Monroe Doctrine / Roosevelt Corollary a “_____” tone! • POINT: Moral Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson ______________________________________________________________________________________________ • This HELPS spread Democracy!!!! Problem: MEXICO gets ANGRY!!! (Mexican government DID NOT care about their citizens) *This leads to the Mexican Revolution…..