Nutrition

1. Nutrition

2. Nutrition Nutrition takes a very important part in our health, looks, body shape, and feelings. And it is not only about eating vegetables or bread, or doing sports or not. It is wider than that- it also has to do with the hours in which we eat our food, the velocity we eat and much more. It is also important to fit the diet to the person, and not the person to the diet. Different people have different needs, therefore ones certain diet will not fit to another and can even cause damage. By Nir & Naama

3. Obesty by Lotem & Bar

4. What is Obesity? • State of being over weight. • Condition resulting from excessive storage of fat in the body. Obesity has been defined as a weight more than 20% above what is considered normal according to standard age, height, and weight tables, or by a complex formula known as the body mass index. It has been estimated that 30% to 35% of Americans are overweight or obese.

5. What are the symptoms of obesity? The following are the most common symptoms that indicate an adolescent is obese. However, each adolescent may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:   A. Facial features often appear disproportionate B. Adiposity (fat cells) in the breast region in boys C. Large abdomen (white or purple marks are sometimes present) D. In males, external genitals may appear disproportionately small E. Puberty may occur early F. increased adiposity in the upper arms and thighs G. “Genu Valgum” – “knock kneed” is common H. Adolescents who are obese often experience significant social pressure, stress, and difficulties accomplishing developmental tasks. Psychological disturbances are also very common.

6. Treatment of Obesity Treatment The best way to significantly affect the prevalence of obesity is to prevent it. Therefore, the issue of obesity should be addressed during every well-child examination. Parents should be taught to respect their child's appetite and to understand that it is not necessary for an infant to finish every bottle. Breast feeding and delaying the introduction of solid foods may decrease the risk of future weight problems. Skim milk can safely replace whole milk after two years of age. Food should not be used for non-nutritive purposes such as comfort or reward. Children should not be offered sweets as a reward for finishing a meal, as this teaches them to place a higher value on dessert foods and may make desserts more desirable to them. Family meals should be oriented toward a healthy diet with 30 percent or less of calories derived from fat. Finally, parents should limit the amount of television that the child is allowed to watch and should encourage active play in its place. When a child does develop obesity, a serious attempt to treat it should be undertaken.

7. Components of a Successful Weight Loss Plan Reasonable weight-loss goal initially, 5 to 10 lb, or a rate of 1 to 4 lb per month. Dietary management Provide dietary prescription specifying total number of calories per day and recommended percentage of calories from fat, protein and carbohydrates. Physical activity Begin according to child's fitness level, with ultimate goal of 20 to 30 minutes per day (in addition to any school activity). Behavior modification Self-monitoring, nutritional education, stimulus control, modification of eating habits, physical activity, attitude change, reinforcements and rewards. Family involvement Review family activity and television viewing patterns; involve parents in nutrition counseling.

8. A. Setting Goals for Weight LossWeight loss goals should be obtainable and should allow for normal growth. Goals should initially be small, so that the child doesn't become overwhelmed or discouraged. Five to 10 lb is a reasonable first goal or, if preferred, a rate of 1 to 4 lb per month can be established. B. Dietary ManagementThe child should maintain a food record to aid in dietary assessment. A straightforward dietary prescription should be offered. It is necessary to provide parents with a specific calorie-per-day recommendation that follows guidelines for percentages of fat, protein and carbohydrates. Dietary fiber is also important, as it increases satiety and displaces fat in the diet. The patient and family should be referred to books that describe the nutritional contents of foods and food exchange lists. Finally, the patient and his family should be referred to a nutritional consultant, if this service is available in the community.

9. C. Physical Activity Exercise is necessary to maintain weight loss and to redistribute body fat into muscle. It is, therefore, an essential part of any weight management program. Initial exercise recommendations should be small and exercise levels should be increased slowly, to avoid possible discouragement. A reasonable goal is 20 to 30 minutes of moderate activity per day, in addition to whatever exercise the child gets during the school day. D. Family Involvement It is important to involve the entire family when treating obesity in children. Many studies have demonstrated a familial aggregation of risk factors for obesity and the family provides the child's major social learning environment. It has been demonstrated that the long-term (10-year) effectiveness of a weight control program is significantly improved when the intervention is directed at the parents as well as the child, rather than aimed at the child alone.

10. E. Behavior Modification Self-monitoring is accomplished by food and activity logs, which force the child to become more aware of his or her eating and exercise patterns. Nutritional education should be aimed at both the child and the family. Stimulus control includes limiting the amount of fattening foods in the house, eating all meals at the dinner table and at designated times, and serving food only once before putting it away. Parents should not verbally encourage the child to eat, and the child should not be forced to finish the entire meal. Activity patterns are an important target for behavior modification. The child should help set a weekly activity goal, sign a contract to perform the activity and help determine the reward for reaching the goal. Family television-viewing patterns should be reviewed and modified accordingly. Attitude change involves teaching the child to turn negative self-statements into positive ones, and helping him or her cope with the negative remarks of others. Finally, reinforcements and rewards include verbal praise from the physician and family members, as well as tangible rewards for achieving dietary, activity and weight-loss goals. Rewards should be determined with input from the child, and they should encourage further physical activity.

11. F. Alternative Therapies Another kind of treatment is Alternative Therapies. Today, you can find all sorts of treatments, which can deal with all kinds of medical problems, including obesity. Behind those treatments usually stands a theory, which have lasted for thousands of years. Usually, those treatments treat the problem naturally, and sometimes solve other problems additionally to the problem that you wished to solve.

12. Dangers of Obesity • Obese children are at risk of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent) and developing risk factors for disease, like elevated cholesterol and high blood pressure. • Obese children are exposed to negative labelling, discrimination, social rejection and isolation, and can develop a distorted body image as early as six years of age. • By adolescence, obesity can result in lower self esteem, and increased rates of sadness, loneliness and nervousness. • Adverse social, educational and economic consequences of childhood obesity may be lifelong. • Overweight children and adolescents are at increased risk of becoming overweight adults and of experiencing the chronic health problems associated with adult obesity such as cardiovascular disease and premature death. • Historically, there has been little information on the health of overweight/obese children. • Serious physical and psychosocial health problems are associated.

13. What causes obesity? • The causes of obesity are complex and include genetic, biological, behavioral and cultural factors. Basically, obesity occurs when a person eats more calories than the body burns up. If one parent is obese, there is a 50 percent chance that the children will also be obese. However, when both parents are obese, the children have an 80 percent chance of being obese. Although certain medical disorders can cause obesity, less than 1 percent of all obesity is caused by physical problems. Obesity in childhood and adolescence can be related to: • Poor eating habits • Overeating or binging • Lack of exercise (i.e., couch potato kids) • Family history of obesity • Medical illnesses (endocrine, neurological problems) • Medications (steroids, some psychiatric medications) • Stressful life events or changes (separations, divorce, moves, deaths, abuse) • Family and peer problems • Low self-esteem • Depression or other emotional problems

14. Binge Eating Disorder By Lotem & Bar

15. What are Eating Disorders? Eating disorders are real illnesses that can affect how we eat and how we feel about food. They can be treated to help people who have them have healthy and full lives. From time to time, we all change our eating habits. Sometimes we reduce the amount of food we eat or go on a diet to drop off some pounds, or we eat more to gain weight. These can be healthy ways to control or reach our ideal body weight. But, people who have eating disorders have unhealthy ways of eating. They may eat too much and become overweight, or way too little and become very thin. Sometimes a person can eat so little, or nothing at all, they actually begin to starve (called anorexia nervosa). A person can also eat an extreme amount of food all at once and then do things like vomit to rid the body of food (called bulimia nervosa). And, a person may not be able to control the need to overeat, often keeping it a secret (called binge eating disorder). People can also have wrong ideas, or misperceptions, of their body weight. People with eating disorders can feel certain they weigh too much, even though they may be well under the ideal body weight for a person their size. Eating disorders affect people of all ages, race, and income levels. But, these disorders affect women much more than they do men. Women make up more than 90 percent of people with these disorders. Without treatment, an eating disorder can take over a person's life and cause serious illness and death. These disorders can increase risk for osteoporosis (thinning of the bones) and heart problems. People who have eating disorders can also have depression and anxiety, and may turn to alcohol and drugs for relief.

16. Binge Eating Disorder What is Binge Eating Disorder? Binge Eating Disorder is an illness which resembles bulimia nervosa. Like bulimics, Binge eaters have episodes of uncontrolled eating or bingeing. However, Binge Eating Disorder differs from bulimia because its sufferers do not purge their bodies of excess food. Individuals with Binge Eating Disorders feel that they lose control of themselves when eating. They eat large quantities of food and do not stop until they are uncomfortably full. Usually, they have more difficulty losing weight and keeping it off than do people with other serious weight problems. Most people with the disorder are obese and have a history of weight fluctuations.

17. Binge Eating Disorder What causes Binge Eating Disorder? The causes of Binge Eating Disorder are still unknown. Up to half of all people with Binge Eating Disorder have a history of depression. Still, whether depression is a cause or effect of Binge Eating is unclear. Many people report that anger, sadness, boredom, anxiety or other negative emotions can trigger a binge episode. Impulsive behavior and certain other psychological problems may be more common in people with Binge Eating Disorder. The effect of dieting on Binge Eating Disorder is also unclear. While findings vary, early research suggests that about half of all people with Binge Eating Disorder had binge episodes before they started to diet. Still, strict dieting may worsen Binge Eating in some people.

18. Binge Eating Disorder How is Binge Eating treated? Several studies have found that people with Binge Eating Disorder may find it harder than other people to stay in weight loss treatment. Binge eaters also may be more likely to regain weight quickly. For these reasons, people with the disorder may require treatment that focuses on their Binge Eating before they try to lose weight. Even those who are not overweight are frequently distressed by their Binge eating, and may benefit from treatment. Several methods are being used to treat Binge Eating Disorder. Like all eating disorders, Binge Eating should be treated on both a physical and psychological level. Physicians and nutritionists can help monitor weight gain/loss. Therapy can help modify behavior and attitude. Cognitive-behavioral therapy teaches patients techniques to monitor and change their eating habits as well as to change the way they respond to difficult situations. Interpersonal psychotherapy helps people examine their relationships with friends and family and to make changes in problem areas. Treatment with medications such as antidepressants may be helpful for some individuals. Self-help groups also may be a source of support. Researchers are still trying to determine which method or combination of methods is the most effective in controlling Binge Eating Disorder. The type of treatment that is best for an individual is a matter for discussion between the patient and her health care provider.

19. What should you do if you or someone you know has an eating disorder? Support is important when you or someone you know has an eating disorder. Tell someone you trust about your problem. It may be a family member, friend, counselor, religious or community leader, or doctor. Talking to a school counselor or mental health professional is a good place to start. Seeing a health care provider as soon as you can is important too. Your doctor can help you get the help you need for your eating disorder. You can also learn about healthier ways to eat. Don't put off seeing a doctor, thinking you will get better on your own. Keep in mind, an eating disorder can cause serious harm to your body and to your emotional health.

20. Anorexia By Keren & Yael

21. Anorexia Anorexia nervosa is an illness that usually occurs in teenage girls, but it can also occur in teenage boys, and adult women and men. People with anorexia are obsessed with being thin. They lose a lot of weight and are terrified of gaining weight. They believe they are fat even though they are very thin. Anorexia isn't just a problem with food or weight. It's an attempt to use food and weight to deal with emotional problems.

22. The reason some people get anorexia isn't known. People with anorexia may believe they would be happier and more successful if they were thin. They want everything in their lives to be perfect. People who have this disorder are usually good students. They are involved in many school and community activities. They blame themselves if they don't get perfect grades, or if other things in life are not perfect. Girls with anorexia usually stop having menstrual periods. People with anorexia have dry skin and thinning hair on the head. They may feel cold all the time, and they may get sick often. People with anorexia are often in a bad mood. They have a hard time concentrating and are always thinking about food. It is not true that anorexics are never hungry. Actually, they are always hungry. Feeling hunger gives them a feeling of control over their lives and their bodies. It makes them feel like they are good at something--they are good at losing weight. People with severe anorexia may be at risk of death from starvation. Why do people get anorexia? What are the problems caused by anorexia?

23. What is the treatment for anorexia? Treatment of anorexia is difficult, because people with anorexia believe there is nothing wrong with them. Patients in the early stages of anorexia (less than 6 months or with just a small amount of weight loss) may be successfully treated without having to be admitted to the hospital. But for successful treatment, patients must want to change and must have family and friends to help them.

24. People with more serious anorexia need care in the hospital, usually in a special unit for people with anorexia and bulimia. Treatment involves more than changing the person's eating habits. Anorexic patients often need counseling for a year or more so they can work on changing the feelings that are causing their eating problems. These feelings may be about their weight, their family problems or their problems with self-esteem. Some anorexic patients are helped by taking medicine that makes them feel less depressed. These medicines are prescribed by a doctor and are used along with counseling

25. Warning signs of anorexia • Deliberate self-starvation with weight loss • Fear of gaining weight • Refusal to eat • Denial of hunger • Constant exercising • Greater amounts of hair on the body or the face • Sensitivity to cold temperatures • Absent or irregular periods • Loss of scalp hair • A self-perception of being fat when the person is really too thin

26. Bolimia By Keren & Yael

27. Bulimia Bulimia, also called bulimia nervosa, is a psychological eating disorder. Bulimia is characterized by episodes of binge-eating followed by inappropriate methods of weight control, including vomiting, fasting,enemas, excessive use of laxaitives and diuretics, or compulsive exercising. Excessive shape and weight concerns are also characteristics of bulimia. A binge is an episode where an individual eats a much larger amount of food than most people would in a similar situation. Binge eating is not a response to intense hunger. It is usually a response to depression, stress, or self esteem issues.

28. During the binge episode, the individual experiences a loss of control. However, the sense of a loss of control is also followed by a short-lived calmness. The calmness is often followed by self-loathing. The cycle of overeating and purging usually becomes an obsession and is repeated often.

29. Interesting facts about bulimia: • Bulimia was only diagnosed as its own eating disorder in the 1980s. • People with bulimia can look perfectly normal. Most of them are of normal weight, and some may be overweight. Women with bulimia tend to be high achievers. • It is often difficult to determine whether a person is suffering from Bulimia. This occurs because binging and purging is often done in secret. Also, individuals suffering from Bulimia often deny their condition. • Sufferers consume huge quantities of food. Sometimes up to 20,000 calories at a time. The foods on which they binge tend to be foods labeled as "comfort foods" -- sweet foods, high in calories, or smooth, soft foods like ice cream, cake, and pastry. An individual may binge anywhere from twice a day to several times daily

30. Bulimia nervosa: the diet-binge-purge disorder • Person binge eats. • Feels out of control while eating. • Vomits, misuses laxatives, exercises, or fasts to get rid of the calories. • Diets when not bingeing. Becomes hungry and binges again. • Believes self-worth requires being thin. (It does not.) • May shoplift, be promiscuous, and abuse alcohol, drugs, and credit cards. • Weight may be normal or near normal unless anorexia is also present.

31. Like anorexia, bulimia can kill. Even though bulimics put up a brave front, they are often depressed, lonely, ashamed, and empty inside. Friends may describe them as competent and fun to be with, but underneath, where they hide their guilty secrets, they are hurting. Feeling unworthy, they have great difficulty talking about their feelings, which almost always include anxiety, depression, self-doubt, and deeply buried anger. Impulse control may be a problem; e.g., shoplifting, sexual adventurousness, alcohol and drug abuse, and other kinds of risk-taking behavior. Person acts with little consideration of consequences.

32. What is the difference between anorexia and bulimia? People with anorexia starve themselves, avoid high-calorie foods and exercise constantly. People with bulimia eat huge amounts of food, but they throw up soon after eating, or take water pills to keep from gaining weight. People with bulimia don't usually lose as much weight as people with anorexia.

33. Diets By Nir & Naama

34. Diets People in different ages need different diets: Babies, teenagers and elderlings need to get a different amount of different vitamins & minerals: During pregnancy the fetus obtains nutrients from its mother via the placenta. Once the baby is born, energy and nutrients are supplied by breast milk or formula milk. The feeding mother needs a special diet too A mother who is breast feeding needs extra energy and nutrients. Some of this requirement is supplied by the diet. Only a small amount of extra food is needed, although the extra energy needed is about 1,900kJ (450kcal) per day during the first month and rises slightly as the baby gets older. Using energy from stores laid down in pregnancy can help mothers return to the weight they were before pregnancy.

35. Teenagers Growth and development are rapid during the teenage years, and the demand for energy and most nutrients is relatively high. This demand different between boys and girls: boys need more protein and energy than girls due to their greater growth spurt. The growth spurt usually begins around the age of in boys. years12 girls and inyears 10 of In both sexes, an average 23cm is added to height and 20-26 kg to weight. Before adolescence,both girls and boys have an average of 15% body fat. During adolescence this increases to about 20% in girls and decreases to about 10% in boys. One way to obtain sufficient energy is by the consumption of frequent snacks as well as meals. However, some adolescents eat more than they need and may become overweight, especially if they are inactive. It is better to try to prevent obesity than to encourage strict dieting in this age group. Encouraging a healthy lifestyle is therefore of prime importance during these years. Good habits practiced now will be likely to benefit their health for the rest of their lives.

36. There is an increasing tendency for teenagers, particularly girls, to control their weight by unsuitable methods such as smoking or adopting very low energy diets. Restriction of many food items can lead to nutrient deficiencies and problems in later life. During adolescence iron requirements increase to help with growth and muscle development. After menstruation begins, girls need more iron than boys to replace menstrual losses. It is difficult to estimate the number of teenagers who are anemic but the National Diet and Nutrition Survey published in 2000 of young people found 1% of boys aged 15-18 had a hemoglobin level lower than the limit for men and 9% of girls had a hemoglobin level lower than the limit for women. The survey also found many teenage girls had a low intake of iron, with 45% of 11-14 year and 50% of 15-18 year olds having intakes below the lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI), implying that their intakes were likely to be inadequate. Those who start a poorly planned vegetarian diet or are slimming may be particularly at risk. Bread flour is fortified with iron by law and iron is also added to most breakfast cereals. This makes breakfast an important means of acquiring iron. . But many adolescents do not eat breakfast, so these foods could be encouraged as snacks instead together with food or drink containing vitamin C, e.g. fruit juice.

37. The rapid increase in bone mass in adolescents means that they require more calcium than adults. Boys should aim for 1000mg per day and girls for 800mg. (link to section on minerals – calcium). Old people: Older people is the term generally used to refer to people over the age of 65. Energy requirements continue to fall with advancing age because people tend to be less active, but it is important that older people continue to enjoy their food and that they keep active in order to maintain a good appetite, prevent obesity and maintain mobility. A person may eat less as they get older for many reasons. Some elderly people have difficulty chewing and swallowing. People with arthritis, for example, have difficulty shopping, preparing and cooking food. Other people may simply lose interest in food, because they live alone or are unwell, and others limit what they buy because they have financial problems. It is therefore not uncommon for intake of certain nutrients to be lower than recommended. Intakes of some of the B vitamins and vitamin C may be low due to a reduction in the amount of fresh foods eaten, and therefore consumption of fruit juice and canned fruits should be encouraged.

38. Osteoporosis is a major problem in elderly people, especially women. It occurs when bones have become so fragile that they fracture easily. It affects 1 in 3 women and 1 in 12 men and costs the NHS 942 million pounds per year. The best way to prevent this condition is to build a strong skeleton during childhood by eating a good diet rich in calcium and being physically active. These habits should then be maintained as an adult. An adequate calcium intake during the later years is also important as it may help to reduce bone loss. Vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption, is mainly obtained from the action of sunlight on the skin. So people who are housebound or live in institutions may be at risk of deficiency. It is recommended that everyone over 65 years of age takes a supplement of vitamin D, and dietary sources such as oily fish, cod liver oil and margarine should be eaten regularly. It is also important that the intake of fluids is kept up in old age to avoid dehydration which may cause mental confusion.

39. Vegetarians also need a special diet, taken from a special food pyramid:

40. Good nutrition leads to good health, good life and a good feeling. It is also recommended to combine the healthy diet with exercising which will keep you strong and in shape. It is important to remember that one who wishes to start eating and living healthy, should ask an expert, and only the turn to the dieting. The basic food pyramid:

42. Links More Links Bulimia and anorexia www.ANRED.com www.nami. - www.priory-hospital.co.uk Eating disorder http://navigator.tufts.edu Healthy eating www.nutrition.gov www.nutrition.org Anorexia and Bulimia www.mamashealth.com www.itspeed.com Healthy eating www.healtyeating.net http://default.asp Eating Disorder http://www.edneferral.com www.mirrir.org www.aedweb.org

43. Glossary Adiposity – שומן, שמנוניות Aggregation – מצבור Anxietyחרדה - Carbohydrates - פחמימות Cardiovascular disease – מחלת לב וכלי דם Characterized מאופיין - Components – רכיבים Cope – להתמודד, להתגבר על Discourage – להרפות ידיים, להרתיע Distorted – מעוות Endocrine – אנדוקרין, הפרשה הורמונאלית פנימית fluctuationsתנודות – Fortified מבוצר \ מחוזק \ מוגבר \ מועשר - Initially – בתחילה, בהתחלה Log – יומן, שיחה שנשמרה misuses laxativesשימוש לרעה בחומרים משלשלים – Menstruationמחזור - Modification – שינוי, התאמה Monitoring – השגחה Neurological – נוירולוגי, של מערכת העצבים Oriented - מכוון, מונחה Overeat – הערכת יתר Prevalence – שכיחות Reinforcements – חיזוק, תגבורת Satiety – שובע, תחושת שובע Straightforward – ברור Redistribute – לחלק שנית Requirementsפרישה - Tangible – מוחשי, ברור Verbal – מילולי Verbally – בעל פה Vomitsהקאות -

44. Fun activity

45. Bulimia • .1. does a person' that sick in bulimia look: • Normal • to fat • to thin

46. 2. what is the difference between anorexia and bulimia? a.bulimia is when a person stave him self and in anorexia he cant stop eating b. there is no difference. c. anorexia is when the person starve himself and bulimia is when he cant stop eating and then throw up. 

47. 3. anorexia nervosa usually occurs in: a. teenage girls b. grown up weman c. old ladeys  

48. Eating Disorder 1.what effects the eating disorders: a.the way we eat or feel about food b. what people think about us c. nothing

49. 2. what causes eating disorders: • un known yet • the Barby model • the parents of the sick child 

50. 3. what should you do if you will know someone with eating disorders: • Nothing • tell some on you trust • support the person. • b and c are the right answer