Electric Vehicles & Grid Integration: Innovations for a Sustainable Future

1. Electric Vehicles: Assets on the GridModern Engineering & Technology SeminarTaipei, TaiwanNov 11-14, 2012

2. Plug-in Vehicles

3. Vehicle Electrification • Reduce tailpipe pollution • Reduce CO2 emissions • Reduce petroleum dependence Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2010 U.S. data

4. Electrification Technology

5. Fleet Electrification Projection 1.0 mil PEV sales

6. Where are we today? • By 2014 most OEMs will be selling EVs • People who drive them like them • Fleets want them • Costs are coming down • EV market ready for growth

7. Early Adopter Clusters • Demographics • State or municipal incentives • Climate • Geography • Transit alternatives In near term, EV market share of 1% nationally may be as high as 10% or 15% locally.

8. Sooner Rather than Later… • EVs may burden the grid with new concentrated loads that overlap with peak demand • Or they may provide versatile, flexible, distributed, low-cost energy storage and dispatchable power • The outcome will depend on how automakers, generators, battery suppliers, utilities, regulators, customers, and innovators meet the challenge of integrating EVs and the power grid.

9. Need for Vehicle-Grid Integration EV Grid Mission Statement: To synergize EVs and the grid using innovative systems for communication and control.

10. Battery Systems

11. Battery Cells – The Elements Li Ion 18650 cell Li Ion pouch cell

12. Battery Monitoring - Key Technology • Battery Management • monitor each cell • voltage • temperature • control charge • control discharge • maintain balance • record use data

13. Battery Modules – The Building Blocks • Cells in series and parallel • Battery monitors • Provisions for mounting, interconnection, thermal control • Unit of assembly and repair

14. Battery Pack – Electricity on Wheels • Li Ion pack for vehicles • 1 vehicle: • 30 kWh • 17 kW chg/dischg • 1000 vehicles: • 30 MWh • 17 MW chg/dischg

15. EV Integration With the Grid

16. Renewable Energy for EVs

17. Buffered Renewables on Grid

18. Battery Storage Distributed on Grid

19. Bi-Directional Charger 2-way charger allows power flow from vehicle to grid

20. Battery Storage Distributed in EVs: V2G 100 EVs = 1MW

21. The Grid - Sept 2012 baseload generation + load-following generation

22. The Grid - Sept 2022 RPS => 33% renewables

23. The Grid - Sept 2022, Net Demand load-following: more variation, steeper slopes

24. The Grid - Sept 2022 + 1 mil EVs load-following: worse with uncontrolled EVs

25. The Grid - Sept 2032 + 25% EVs load-following: impossible with uncontrolled EVs

26. The Grid - Sept 2032 + 25% EVs + V2G load-following: normalized with integrated EVs

27. Vehicle-Grid Integration Today

28. Consensus: Battery On Grid Has Value • Three concepts for battery on grid: • Dedicated stationary battery for grid support • Sequential use of EV batteries (1st use car, 2nd use grid) • Concurrent use of EV batteries (vehicle-to-grid or V2G) • Each can provide equivalent value to grid at similar scale • All require proof of concept: • Aggregation and control • Fixed costs • Operating economics

29. V2G: A Maturing Concept • 1995 Amory Lovins proposes baseload grid power from FCEVs • 1997 Kempton (University of Delaware) and Letendre first paper on vehicle-to-grid • 2001 AC Propulsion first test bi-directional AC150 Gen 2 • 2001 DaimlerChrysler - “We can use the energy unit in this car for homes.” • 2001 EPRI: “The Car of the Future May Help Power Your Home” • 2002General Motors – Grid connection for fuel cell cars • 2002 AC Propulsion demo of grid regulation by EV • 2003 AC Propulsion demo of grid-tied and stand-alone power from PHEV • 2004 SCE, Austin Energy discuss a 2nd generation of connected cars with V2G • 2005 Seattle Electric Vehicle to Grid Forum • 2006 GM, Delmarva, UDel, AC Propulsion discuss future of V2G • 2007 PHI, UDel demonstrate live grid regulation with eBox at FERC, Washington DC • 2008 eBox does V2G at Plug-In 2008 Conference – (July, 2008, San Jose, CA) • 2009 fleet of 5 eBoxes operates in revenue generating V2G mode in PJM grid • 2010 development of SAE J1772 compliant, V2G-capable EVSE • 2011 NRG and UDel launch eV2g • 2013 Grid on Wheels: 300 kW V2G fleet in Delaware

30. V2G – Extracting Value from Batteries • Battery value is based on • Availability • kWh throughput • With V2G, battery generates two value streams • Transportation • Range • Readiness • Grid support • Readiness • Response

31. Battery Sharing Reduces Cost With V2G, battery generates two value streams • Transportation • Driver pays for use of battery for driving • Grid support • Utilities pay for ancillary services • Generators pay for buffering PV and wind • Loads pay for peak shaving

32. Battery Dominates Comparative Cost Battery cost reduction to EV operator creates competitive advantage

33. V2G Value Capture Depends on Systems • Aggregation • Thousands of cars • One entity to grid • Communication and control • Grid to aggregator to car • Car to aggregator and car to driver • Actions and transactions • Infrastructure • EVSE (car to grid connection) • ISO/RTO markets • Local entities – codes, tariffs and regulations

35. Aggregator Internet Vehicles Aggregted for Grid Support Grid Operator PowerCommand Financial benefit to driver Power Response $ $ Vehicle Status Driver Preferences

36. Grid Regulation Ancillary Service regulation regulation regulation drive drive

37. Regulation Does Not Drain Battery Battery SOC % EV provides regulation even while charging Battery Power kW regulation regulation regulation drive drive

38. University of Delaware Prof. Willett Kempton’s pioneering work in V2G makes UDel the nexus of the Grid on Wheels Project - a business/academic collaboration

39. PJM Grid Territiory • Grid on Wheels will participate in PJM’s hour-ahead reg-up and reg-down markets. • PJM: • 164,000 MW peak • 60 mil population • 214,000 sq mi

40. NRG Energy • NRG will provide aggregation services, bundling, scheduling, bidding, and fulfilling up to 300 kW of regulation based on available EVs in the Grid on Wheels program. • NRG: • 25 MW generation • eVGo charging networks • eV2g EV aggregation services 9/26/11 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE NRG Energy, University of Delaware Announce eV2g Initiative to Develop Electric Vehicle-to-Grid Technology - Harnessing electric vehicles as energy storage offsets electricity costs, promotes grid stability-

41. Electric Cars EV Grid will supply 30 MINI Es modifed for V2G and J1772, to operate in fleet service and provide grid regulation as part of Grid on Wheels.

42. Electric Trucks EV Grid will supply all-electric eVans produced by AutoPort Inc. in Delaware. These EVs will operate in commercial fleets in the PJM territory and participate in Grid on Wheels.

43. 300 kW V2G Demo • Vehicles in fleets • Chargers and battery systems • Communications and control • Aggregation • Grid Regulation • Ancillary services markets • Infrastructure • Fleet management