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After Colonialism

After Colonialism. Africa’s attempt at Independence. The Struggles. Disunity Divide and rule Lack of skills Education insufficient European dependence on trade External control of internal resources One crop crisis Desertification . Pan-Africanism. Invisible boundaries

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After Colonialism

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  1. After Colonialism Africa’s attempt at Independence

  2. The Struggles • Disunity • Divide and rule • Lack of skills • Education insufficient • European dependence on trade • External control of internal resources • One crop crisis • Desertification

  3. Pan-Africanism • Invisible boundaries • Single goal: Africa’s success • Organization of African Unity • Kwame Nkrumah strong advocate • Socialism with an African twist • Not equipped to deal with arising problems • No infrastructure • Transportation and sanitation issues • City planning poor • Corruption within local and state governments rampant

  4. Different Directions • Patrice Lumumba • Founded the MNC in 1958 in Zaire/Congo • Nationalist respected by prominent African leaders • Rejected Belgian 5 year plan for independence • 1959 arrested for inciting a riot • Ran for office 1960, first president of Independent Congo • Problems at the onset • Army clash, supported by Belgians • Appeal of Soviet Union becomes stronger, threat to west

  5. Cont…… • External support thrown in direction of Joseph Mobutu • Lumumba executed in January 1961 • Many international hands dirty in this affair

  6. “The kaffir in his place” • Apartheid: Afrikaaner: apartness • 1948 minority white community enacts racist laws led by the Nationalist Party, Afrikaners • Black community not equal • Given legitimacy by pseudoscience of racial theory • Passbooks, Group Areas Act, Immorality Act • Challenges near impossible

  7. Sharpeville Massacre • 1960 demonstration against passbooks • Unarmed demonstrators shot upon • 67 killed, hundreds injured • International community outraged

  8. Apartheid Takes a Hit • 1960’s time of turmoil • White minority still felt comfortable with situation • ANC a symbol of hope • Nelson Mandela took on the charge of eliminating apartheid • 1962 arrested for conspiracy to overthrow gov’t • Imprisoned for 27 years

  9. Cont….. • 1970’s continues to see tension • Introduction of Afrikaans in education system • Demonstrations follow • Stephen Biko a new face in movement • Detained and beaten • Died in police custody • Enrage and embolden youth

  10. Time for an End • 1980’s time for change • High unemployment • Decreasing white population • Increasing black resistance • International sanctions, hurting black community primarily • F.W. De Klerk • Fear of Soviet support no longer an issue • Released Nelson Mandela from prison 1990

  11. Cont… • 1994 first free elections held • Nelson Mandela elected president…..Apartheid officially done • No happily ever after • 1999 Thabo Mbeki elected new president • South Africa’s forward movement slowed down • AIDS a roadblock • Economy continues to struggle • Jacob Zuma took control May 2009

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