Rice Culture, a Heritage of Asian History

2. Rice Culture, a Heritage of Asian History July 5~7, 2007 Bangkok ,Thailand Dr .Yoo Man HUH Vice President, ICID Rep. of KOREA

3. 1 Paddy Farming 2 Economic Aspects 3 4 5 Cultural & Social Aspects Multi-functionality of Paddy Farming Conclusions Structure of the presentation

4. Paddy farming is… 1 • In Wikipedia “a flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semi aquatic crops. Paddy fields are a typical feature of rice-growing countries of eastand southeast Asia including Malaysia, China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, and the Philippines.”

5. Population Arable land Trend of population & Arable land

6. Paddy farming Hay stacks on stilts in paddy field ,Karnataka(L.Shyamal, 2006)

7. Scarecrow: A paddy field in Japan (Wikipedia, 2007)

8. Paddy farming Rice terraces, Longji, Guangxi Province, China(Doron, May 2000)

9. Paddy farming Terrace rice fields in Yunnan Province, China(Jialiang Gao, 2003)

10. Paddy farming The photo of paddy field in India.(Nvineeth, 2006)

11. Origin of Rice • Widespread in Asian(East and Southeast) • Origin of “Rice” : from Ancient India Sanskrit Vrihi, Ni, Nuan • Similar Korean “Non” for paddy field • Malaysia, the Philippines-”Badi”, “Bindi” for rice in Korean “Beo”- meaning rice grain

12. Origin of Rice • Rice (genus Oryza) is tolerant to hot, humid, flooded conditions and grows in saline, alkaline and acidic soils. • Of 23 Oryza species, two are cultivated: Oryza sativa , which originated in the humid tropics of Asia, and O. glaberrima, from West Africa. • Asian cultivated rice has evolved into three eco-geographic races - indica, japonica and javanica (Source:International year of rice 2004,IRRI). Source: http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/rice-us.htm

13. Paddy farming in Asia Cultural & Social Aspects Economic Aspects Environmental Aspects

14. Rice in Asia IRRI :

15. Rice in Korea • BC 300 – AD 670

16. Paddy Fields Landscape • Cliiper Russel(Eco-economist) Paddy field with golden wave and scarecrow with white garment in fall is the one of the attractive scenery in the world

17. 1 2 11.3 9.6 3 7.4 4 9 11 12 Economic aspects of rice 2 • Rice production Million ton 200 150 100 50 China India Indo Bang JP USA Kr

18. Economic aspects of rice 2

19. Economic aspects of rice 2

20. Economic aspects of rice 2 • Rice price outlook Dollar/ton Medium grain Long grain Source: USDA, Rice Outlook

21. Class 2004/05 2005/06(Estimate) 2006/07(outlook) Change(%) 2006.12 2007.1 Previous year Previous month Production 400.5 415.5 416.4 415.0 -0.1 -0.3 Supply 485.6 493.7 496.8 495.5 0.4 -0.3 Consume 407.7 413.2 418.2 417.7 1.1 -0.1 Trade 28.4 27.8 28.2 28.9 4.0 2.7 Stock In previous yr % 78.2 80.4 78.6 77.7 -3.4 -1.1 19.2 19.5 18.8 18.6 Source: USDA, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, January 12, 2007. International rice supply and outlook 2 Economic aspects of rice (Unit: million ton)

22. Cultural & Social Aspects of rice 3 Paddy Fields turn yellow in Autumn, KOREA

23. In the Mythology of GoChosun • Mother of Ju-mong, “Gog Mo Sin”, Goddess to manage the agriculture • Tradition to lay kernels of rice on the mat in the palanquin • One of the important role of mother is to manage the rice kernel for their family survival • To serve their ancestor shrine by pure rice Rice, in the middle of Korean history

24. Meaning of Rice in Chinese Character 88 times hand care until harvest. Rice day?August 18 How many processes needed for rice? 米 Shape of rice head?

25. Life Cycle of Rice • Plant: intensive labor • Harvest: Alcohol drink, Rice cake, soft drink, sweets, snack, etc. more than hundreds • Post harvest: Thatch-Mat”멍석”, shoes ”집쌔기”

26. Rice and Culture in Korea • “성주대감” Sung Ju Dae Gam, Pot to keep rice at home, treat as a sanctuary. “Sung ju”: a household guardian, tutelary deity • Function of the pot: to make household blessed and comfortable

27. Rice in the Proverbs • Feet is twisted when stepping rice kernels. • Spoiling rice makes abort. • Rice storage represents generosity of the household. Tradition to respect rice, and It goes with history of Korea rooted in the life

28. 나는 듣고 있네 내 안에 들어와 피가 되고 살이 되고 뼈가 되는 한 톨의 쌀의 노래 그가 춤추는 소리를 쌀의 고운 웃음 가득히 흔들리는 우리의 겸허한 들판은 꿈에서도 잊을 수 없네 하얀 쌀을 씻어 밥을 안치는 엄마의 마음으로 날마다 새롭게 희망을 안쳐야지 적은 양의 쌀이 불어 많은 양의 밥이 되듯 적은 분량의 사랑으로도 나눌수록 넘쳐나는 사랑의 기쁨 갈수록 살기 힘들어도 절망하지 말아야지 밥을 뜸들이는 기다림으로 모락모락 피어 오르는 희망으로 내일의 식탁을 준비해야지. -이해인- Rice in the Korean Culture (Poem)

29. Rice in the Music and Dancing

30. Rice and Culture in Asia Paddy solved housing, food and fuel in traditional farm village

31. Rice in Asia Source: M. A. Bell et. Al., 2000, Research for development: IRRI’s in country roles p9-10

32. Rice in Asia

33. Rice area in the world

34. Rice in Asia

35. Rice in Asia • Rice is • The main source of employment, income and nutrition in many poor, food insecure regions of the world • Calories source of 530 million people less than US $1 a day, about 60-70 % of total food intake. • Principal activity and source of income for about 100 million households in Asia and Africa Source: M. A. Bell et. Al., 2000, Research for development: IRRI’s in country roles p9-10

36. Rice is a major daily life in Asian countries • Rice is a central part of many cultures and some countries even credit rice cultivation with the development of their civilization. It is remarkable that almost every culture has its own way of harvesting, processing and eating rice and these different traditions are, in fact, part of the world's cultural heritage(FAO, 2004). Source: http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/rice-us.htm

37. Rice has been a life for long times • Thousands of years ago, people from East to South Asia settled throughout river deltas and domesticated wild rice. • The productivity of wetland rice crops led to population growth and to the development of society and civilization. Source: http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/rice-us.htm

38. Rice versus culture • Rice cultivation, the intense labour needed • Social habits and landscape shaped • Community structures and a corresponding culture of rice created • Inspired songs, paintings, stories, festivals • Rice culture created Asian’s culture, custom, Tradition and life style. Source: M. A. Bell et. Al., 2000, Research for development: IRRI’s in country roles p9-10

39. Multi-functionality of paddy farming 4 • Food security • Flood control • Groundwater recharge • Reduction of soil loss • Air purification • Enhancement of biodiversity

40. Conclusions 5 • Not just economic approach because it is • a matter of identity: not just a matter of food and cost -Asia, central part of culture -Principal source of income for 100 mill house • a matter of life -expensive, not give a birth? -why you invest for emergency, food?

41. Conclusions 5 • Peculiarity of Asian monsoon region - Climate conditions and regional characteristics are totally different from non paddy areas - climate change and diverse functions of paddy farming should be taken into account • Social and traditional components should be considered for policy making in the paddy farming in Asia ,especially in monsoon and tropical region.

42. Thank you for your listening Paddy Straw roofing old house in winter, Korea