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Joints

Joints. Also called articulations, arthroses Arthrology- the study of joints Kinesiology- the study of movement. Joints are classified structurally. Fibrous: held together by fibrous tissue Cartilaginous Synovial joints Synovial cavity separates joints

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Joints

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  1. Joints • Also called articulations, arthroses • Arthrology- the study of joints • Kinesiology- the study of movement

  2. Joints are classified structurally • Fibrous: held together by fibrous tissue • Cartilaginous • Synovial joints • Synovial cavity separates joints • Dense irregular connective tissue connects them • Ligaments may be involved

  3. Joints are classified functionally • Synarthroses- immovable • Amphiarthroses- slightly movabel • Diarthroses- freely movable; all synovial

  4. Types of fibrous joints • Sutures are irregular and therefore stronger • Some disappear in childhood (synostosis) • Metopic suture persists • Syndesmoses • amphiarthroses • Gomphoses • Joint between tooth and alveolar process • synarthrosis

  5. Cartilaginous joints • Synchondrosis • Example: epiphyseal plate • Ossifies later in life • synarthrosis • Symphysis • Ends of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage • Bones are connected by fibrocartilage • amphiarthrosis

  6. Unique features of synovial joints • Synovial cavity • Joint is freely movable • Articular cartilage reduces friction • Articular capsule • Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane • Ligaments • Regular tissue very strong • May have adipose tissue (fat pad) • Synovial fluid

  7. Synovial joints, continued • Accessory ligaments might be outside or inside articular capsule (but not within synovial membrane) • Menisci within synovial joints can improve “fit” or create separate compartments

  8. Arthroscopy • Minimally invasive, helps assess damage • May be used to assist surgery

  9. Sprain • Torn ligaments • Blood vessels often ruptured • May damage surrounding tissues • Lots of inflammation

  10. Minimizing friction • Bursae are fluid-filled sacs • Tendon sheaths provide cushioning where there is a lot of movement

  11. Types of joints (movement) • Planar • Articulating surfaces are flat • Gliding movement (slight) • Hinge • Knee, elbow, phalangeal • Pivot • rotation

  12. More joints • Condyloid joint • Ellipsoidal, biaxial • Saddle • More movement than condyloid • Ball-and-socket • Movement around three axes • Hip and shoulder

  13. Types of movement Body is in anatomical position Described as pairs of opposing movements

  14. Angular movements • Flexion and extension • Allowed by hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and ball-and-socket joints • Change in distance between the angle of articulating bones

  15. Flexion, extension, hyperextension and lateral flexion

  16. Adduction and abductiontoward, away from midline

  17. Circumduction: ball-and-socket

  18. Rotation: pivot; ball-and-socket

  19. Some movements occur only at certain joints

  20. Joint disorders • Inflammation • Bursitis • Bursae • Repetitive motion • bunions • Arthritis • Synovial joints • Many causes • Degeneration • Autoimmune • Secondary infection

  21. Gout • Uric acid crystals form in synovium • Metabolic disorder • More common in men

  22. Trauma • Dislocations • Fractures • Sprains • Strains • Knees and ankles are especially susceptible (there is a lot to damage)

  23. Total hip replacement

  24. Summary • Joints are classified by structure and function • Synovial joints are varied and allow a wide range of motion • Motion is limited by articulations at synovial joints, types of ligaments and muscles • Age and disease can adversely affect joints

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