500 likes | 765 Views
Chapter 31: 1950-1960 Adjustment of the 1950’s. THE SUBURBAN LIFESTYLE. Most Americans worked in cities, but fewer and fewer of them lived there New highways & affordability of cars & gasoline made commuting possible Of the 13 million homes built in the 1950s, 85% were built in suburbs
E N D
THE SUBURBAN LIFESTYLE • Most Americans worked in cities, but fewer and fewer of them lived there • New highways & affordability of cars & gasoline made commuting possible • Of the 13 million homes built in the 1950s, 85% were built in suburbs • For many, suburbs were the American Dream The American Dream complete with a white picket fence
FRANCHISES EMERGE • Another strategy for business expansion was franchising • A franchise is a company that offers similar services in many locations • Fast food restaurants developed the first franchises in America McDonald’s is one of the leading franchises in the world (1955)
WHY SO MANY BABIES? Baby boom: The sharp increase in the population following WWII. Why did the baby boom occur when it did? • Husbands returning from war • Decreasing marriage age • Desirability of large families • Confidence in economy • Advances in medicine
THE BABY BOOM • During the late 1940s and through the early 1960s the birthrate in the U.S. soared • At its height in 1957, a baby was born in America every 7 seconds (over 4.3 million babies in ’57 alone) • Baby boomers represent the largest generation in the nation’s history
IMPACT OF BABY BOOM • As a result of the baby boom 10 million students entered elementary schools in the 1950s • California built a new school every 7 days in the late ’50s • Toy sales reached an all-time high in 1958 when $1.25 billion in toys were sold
RISE OF CONSUMERISM • By the mid-1950s, nearly 60% of Americans were members of the middle class • Consumerism (buying material goods) came to be equated with success and status
NEW PRODUCTS • One new product after another appeared in the marketplace • Appliances, electronics, and other household goods were especially popular • The first credit card (Diner’s Club) appeared in 1950 and American Express was introduced in 1958 • Personal debt increased nearly 3x in the 1950s
THE ADVERTISING AGE • The advertising industry capitalized on runaway consumerism by encouraging more spending • Ads were everywhere • Ad agencies increased their spending 50% during the 1950s Advertising is everywhere today in America
A SUBCULTURE EMERGES • Although mass media and television were wildly popular in the 1950s, dissenting voices emerged • The “Beat Movement” in literature and rock n’ roll clashed with tidy suburban views of life
BEATNIKS FOLLOW OWN PATH • Centered in San Francisco, L.A. and New York’s Greenwich Village, the Beat Movement expressed social nonconformity • Followers, called “beatniks”, tended to shun work and sought understanding through Zen Buddhism, music, and sometimes drugs Beatniks often performed poetry or music in coffeehouses or bars
SECTION 2: POPULAR CULTURE • A new era of mass media led by television emerged in 1950s • In 1948, only 9% of homes had T.V • In 1950, 55% of homes had T.V. • By 1960, 90% of American homes had T.V.
FCC • Mass media: TV will become popular. • FCC: Federal Communication Commission will regulate and license TV. • Beat movement: Poets, writers, and artists will express the social and literary nonconformity.
THE GOLDEN AGE OF TELEVISION • The 1950s was known as the “Golden Age of Television” • Comedies were the main attraction as Milton Berle, Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz were very popular Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball starred in I Love Lucy
TELEVISION EXPERIMENTS WITH VARIOUS FORMATS • Television innovations like on-the-scene-news reporting, interviews, westerns and sporting events offered the viewer a variety of shows • Kids’ shows like The Howdy Doody Show and The Mickey Mouse Club were extremely popular
TV ADS, TV GUIDES AND TV DINNERS EXPAND • TV advertising soared from $170 million in 1950 to nearly $2 billion in 1960 • TV Guide magazine quickly became the best selling magazine • Frozen TV dinners were introduced in 1954 – these complete ready-to-heat meals on disposable aluminum trays made it easy for people to eat without missing their favorite shows
MUSIC IN THE 1950s • Musicians in the 1950s added electronic instruments to traditional blues music, creating rhythm and blues • Cleveland DJ Alan Freed was the first to play this music in 1951– he called it “rock and roll” FREED
Rock ‘n’ Roll • New form of music which started in the 1950s. • Named by Cleveland, OH DJ Alan Freed. • Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and others were the most popular artists. • Influenced by African-American music.
ROCK N’ ROLL • In the early and mid-fifties, Richard Penniman, Chuck Berry, Bill Haley and the Comets, and especially Elvis Presley brought rock and roll to the forefront • The driving rhythm and lyrics featuring love, cars, and problems of being young --- captivated teenagers across the country
THE KING OF ROCK AND ROLL • Presley’s rebellious style captured young audiences • Girls screamed and fainted, and boys tried to imitate him
Section 3: Minorities Make Some Progress Early Cases • Jim Crow laws existed in the South since the 1800s. • Plessy v. Ferguson: Supreme Court case which made segregated, but equal facilities legal (1896). • Facilities in the South were not equal, but they were separate.
Start of Civil Rights Movement • 1. WWII helped by letting African Americans work in the factories when there were job shortages. • 2. 1 million African American men served during WWII. • 3. Roosevelt passed a law prohibiting racial discrimination for those involved with the war.
Thurgood Marshall • Lawyer who argued cases before the Supreme Court with the NAACP. • Was the first African American Supreme Court justice in 1967. • Lawyer for the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka court case. • This case stated segregation in schools were unconstitutional.
Reaction to Case • KKK showed up to protest. • Little Rock, Arkansas: Protests to African American students attending Central High School. • 9 African American students volunteered to integrate the school. • Gov. Orval Faubus ordered the National Guard to keep the 9 students out.
Little Rock (con’t) • Federal judge ordered the governor to let the students in. • NAACP members called 8 of the 9 students and arranged rides to school. • One student, Elizabeth Eckford, did not have a phone. • She had to face an angry mob outside of the school
Rosa Parks • Seamstress and an NAACP officer. • Sat on the front of the bus and refused to give up her seat for a white man. • Parks was arrested. • Martin Luther King, Jr. was asked to lead the bus boycott in Montgomery. • 1956: Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation.
Martin Luther King • Used nonviolent resistance. • He used teachings from Jesus, writer Thoreau, A. Philip Randolph, and Gandhi. • In 1957, he helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). • Group carried out nonviolent crusades against segregation. • Peaceful marches and protests.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Ella Baker helped students at universities start SNCC. • A national protest group who also protested peacefully. • SNCC used the CORE as an example. • They staged sit-ins at diners at the white only counters. • Most would have food poured over them, but would not react- stayed peaceful!!!!!
Poverty leads to Activism • Braceros: Mexican farm workers who helped during WWII and who were supposed to return to Mexico when the war was over. • Most stayed illegally, did not want to return to the poor conditions in Mexico.
Felix Longoria • Mexican American WWII soldier who was killed in battle. • A Texan funeral director refused to hold the funeral service. • Outraged Mexican-Americans, they founded the Unity League of California which registered Mexican-Americans to vote.
Native Americans • The Federal gov’t tried to assimilate or “Americanize” Native Americans since the 1800s. • 1944: est. the National Congress of American Indians. • 1. Wanted the same civil rights as whites. • 2. Enable them to keep customs on reservations.
Termination Policy • The U.S. gov’t plan to give up responsibility for Native American tribes by eliminating federal economic support, getting rid of the reservation system, and giving away tribal lands. • Moved to cities and could not find jobs b/c of poor training and racial prejudices.
Section 4: TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE • After World War II, U.S. and U.S.S.R. competed in developing atomic & hydrogen bombs • The Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in 1949 • U.S. began work on a bomb 67 times stronger than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima – the hydrogen bomb An H-bomb test conducted by America near Bikini Island in Pacific Ocean, 1954
The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?” • The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. • Now there were two nuclear superpowers!
H-bomb • Hydrogen bomb: thermonuclear weapon that is stronger than atomic bomb. • U.S. created it on 11/1/1952 • Soviet Union created it on 8/1953.
Warsaw Pact • Stalin died in 1953. • 1955: West Germany was allowed to build a military & join NATO. • Soviet Union was upset and formed the Warsaw Pact. • Military alliance b/w Soviet Union & 7 Eastern European countries.
BRINKMANSHIP • Both countries had the H-bomb (1953), President Eisenhower & Secretary of State John Foster Dulles made it clear they were willing to use all military force (including nuclear weapons) to stop aggression • Expanded military & nuclear weapons • Soviets followed suit • This willingness to go to the edge of all-out war became known as brinkmanship Some Americans created shelters in their backyards in case of nuclear attack
THE COLD WAR SPREADS • As the Cold War heated up, U.S. depended more and more on information compiled by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • The CIA began attempts to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S.
COVERT ACTIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST • One of the first covert operations occurred in the Middle East • In Iran the U.S. orchestrated the return of the pro-U.S. Shah of Iran in 1953 The last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Covert Operations in Latin America • 1954, the CIA took covert actions in Guatemala (Central America) • The U.S. believed Guatemala was on the verge of becoming Communist, so the CIA trained an army which invaded the small country • The actions eventually failed as a military dictator rose to power
THE HUNGARIAN UPRISING • Dominated by the Soviet Union since the end of WWII, the Hungarian people rose up in revolt in 1956 • Led by Imre Nagy, the liberal Communist leader of Hungary, the people demanded free elections and the end of Soviet domination The Soviets’ response was swift and brutal – 30,000 Hungarians were killed (including Nagy) as the Soviets reasserted control The Soviets responded to the Hungarian revolt with tanks
Hungarian Uprising • Controlled by Soviet Union, the Hungarians revolted in 1956. • Wanted democratic gov’t. • Soviet troops & tanks killed 30,000 Hungarians. • Over 200,000 people fled. • U.S. & the UN did not help.
U-2 PLANES SPY ON SOVIETS • Late 1950s, CIA began secret high-altitude spy missions over Soviet territory • The U-2’s infra-red cameras took detailed pictures of Soviet troop movements & missile sites
U-2 SPY PLANE SHOT DOWN OVER USSR • On May 1, 1960, Gary Power’s U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory • Powers parachuted into Soviet territory, was captured and sentenced to 10-years in prison • Because of this incident, the 1960s opened with tension between the two superpowers as great as ever Powers was released in 1962 in exchange for convicted Soviet spy Rudolph Abel
U-2 Incident • Eisenhower denied that the plane was spying. • Soviets found evidence on the plane • Khrushchev wanted an apology & for the missions to stop. • Eisenhower would stop the flights, but refused to apologize. • Made Khrushchev angry.
Suez War • Egypt tried to play the Soviets against the U.S. on building a dam. • Almost led to war. • UN stepped in to keep peace.
Eisenhower Doctrine • Warning that the U.S. would defend the Middle East if attacked by a Communist nation. • Soviet Union was becoming powerful in the region.
Nikita Khrushchev • Space race began, Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first satellite. • U.S. scrambled to build one and launch.
THE COLD WAR TAKES TO THE SKIES • The Space Race was initially dominated by the Soviets • On October 4, 1957, they launched Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite • Sputnik traveled around earth at 18,000 miles an hour, circling the globe every 96 minutes