Parts of Speech

1. Parts of Speech Miss Riscoe English 8

2. IMPORTANT… • ANYNOTES YOU TAKE MAY BE USED ON THE TEST AT THE END OF EACH SECTION!!!! • IT IS UP TO YOU WHAT YOU WANT TO WRITE DOWN. KEEP IN MIND THAT THE NOTES WILL HELP YOU SCORE HIGHER ON THE TEST

3. Noun • Definition: a word used to name a person, place, a thing, or an idea. • Examples: • Persons: children, team, Lois Duncan • Place: neighborhood, New York City, desert • Things: money, animals, Statue of Liberty • Ideas: courage, love, luck

4. Compound Nouns • Definition: two or more words used together as a single noun. The parts of a compound noun may be written as one word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word. • Examples: • One Word: seafood, daydream, footsteps • Separate Words: compact disc, police officer, The Call of the Wild • Hyphenated Words: self-esteem, sister-in-law, fourteen-year-old

5. Collective Nouns • Definition: a word that names a group. • Examples: • Faculty, family, team, committee, audience

6. Common Nouns and Proper Nouns Definition: a common noun names any one of a group or persons, places, things, or ideas. Definition: a proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. They always begin with a capital letter.

7. Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns Definition: a concrete noun names a person, a place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, or smell). Definition: an abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic.

8. Let’s Review Nouns!! • A noun names a person, place, thing or idea. Nouns can be classified in many ways: • Compound • Collective • Common/Proper • Concrete/Abstract

9. Let’s Review Nouns! • Identify the nouns in the following sentences: 1.) We have been reading about patriots in our textbook. (patriots, textbook) 2.) Evanti was the first African American woman to sing opera anywhere in the world. (Evanti=proper noun) (woman, opera, world=common noun) 3.) Beyonce performed in conert at the White House for President Bush and his wife. (Beyonce, President Bush, White House=proper noun) (concert, wife=common noun)

10. Pronoun Definition: a word used in place of one noun or more than one noun A word that a pronoun stands for is called its antecedent. Examples: When Amy saw the signal, she pointed it out to Michael. Kari read the book and returned it to the library.

11. Personal Pronouns First person—I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Second person—you, your, yours Third person—he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

12. Reflexive pronouns direct the action of the verb back to the subject. These are OFTEN misused. Examples: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves I hurt myself on the playground. Intensive pronouns add emphasis and can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. I myself prefer spaghetti over lasagna. Judy designed the costume for the play herself. Only Juan himself knows the truth about that night. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

13. Demonstrative Pronouns • Point out a person, place, a thing or an idea • Examples: this, that, these, those • This is the day we have been waiting for. • These are the names of those who volunteered.

14. Interrogative Pronouns • Introduces a question • Examples: what, which, who, whom, whose • What is the name of the man over there? • Who brought this music? • Whose clothes are these?

15. Relative Pronouns • Introduce a subordinate clause • Examples: that, which, who, whom, whose • This girl is the one whom we want for the part. • The Bactrian camel, which has two humps, is native to central Asia.

16. Indefinite Pronouns • Refer to a person, place, thing or idea that is not specifically named. Everyone loves a good laugh. Many will enter, few will win. See page 442 for a complete list of indefinite pronouns.

17. Let’s Review Pronouns! • What is the pronoun(s) in the following sentences: 1.) I myself cooked that delicious dinner. 2.) He gave it to her. • Identify each pronoun and antecedent in the following sentences: 1.) “I want you to study,” Ms.Gaines said to the class. (pronoun=I,you)(Antecedent=Ms.Gaines,class) 2.) The children made lunch themselves. (pronoun=themselves ; antecedent= children)

18. Adjective Definition: a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives tell what kind, which one, how much, or how many. ********

19. Proper Adjectives Definition: formed from a proper noun and begins with a capital letter.

20. Let’s Review Adjectives! • Identify the adjective and the noun or pronoun each modifies: 1.) A woman, kind and helpful, gave us directions. (adjectives=kind, helpful ; noun=woman) 2.) After I turn the corner away from the busy avenue, I am on a quiet street. (adjectives=busy, quiet; noun=avenue, street) 3.) This walk home always makes me feel tired but happy. (adjectives=this,tired,happy; noun=walk pronoun=me)

21. Changing Parts of Speech • Many words can be used as different parts of speech, either nouns, pronouns, or adjectives. You must learn how to tell the difference. Example: • I like school. (school is a noun) • I don’t like school uniforms. (school is an adjective) • I won’t put up with that. (that is a pronoun) • I won’t put up with that behavior. (that is an adj.)

22. How to decide which POS it is? • Step one: Is it an adjective? Is it describing something by telling which one, what kind or how many about a noun/pronoun in the sentence? • Step two: Is it replacing a noun? If so, then it is a pronoun. • Step three: If no to step 1 and 2, then it is probably a noun—a person, place, thing or idea.

23. I see you are serving cookies. May I have one? I can count backwards from ten to one. We took our test after just one day of studying! Pronoun Noun Adjective Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective?

24. NOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE Names a person, place, thing or idea. Can be compound, collective, proper/common, concrete/abstract. Replaces one or more nouns. There are personal, reflexive, intensive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative and indefinite pronouns. Describes a noun or pronoun be telling WHICH ONE, WHAT KIND, or HOW MANY. There are also articles (a, an, the) and proper adjectives Let’s Review Once More….

25. Verb Definition: a word used to express action or a state of being. All verbs are either ACTION or LINKING

26. Action Verbs • Definition: may express physical action or mental action. Examples: Physical action - jump, shout, search, carry, run Mental action - worry, think, imagine, remember

27. Find the Action Verbs… • I tried to call my mom, but the phone lines were busy. (tried, call) • The scientist studied the ant colony. (studied) • Mario knew the answer to every question on the test. (knew)

28. Transitive Verbs express an action that is directed toward a person or thing (object) Intransitive Verbs express action without passing the action to a receiver. (no object) Joel held the baby. Loretta brought flowers. (objects=baby, flowers) Samuel sang at the party. The twins played quietly. Action Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive

29. Janet swam ten laps. Janet swam well. The teacher read aloud. The teacher read a poem. The pilot flew the plane. The bird flew in the sky. Let’s eat at 6 pm. We ate a delicious dinner. Transitive Intransitive Intransitive Transitive Transitive Intransitive Intransitive Transitive Is it Transitive or Intransitive?

30. REMEMBER… • All verbs are either ACTION or LINKING. • ACTION VERBS: Can be TRANSITIVE OR INTRANSITIVE • LINKING verbs are different—let’s see what they do!

31. Linking Verbs Definition: links, or connects, the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective in the predicate. Examples: The star’s name is Cameron Diaz. The watermelon looks ripe.

32. Commonly Used Linking Verbs… • Forms of BE is, am, are, was, were, be, being been • Other common linking verbs appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, turn, taste

33. Practice with Linking Verbs • Marie Curie became a famous scientist. • Troy is one of the finalists. • Wild animals remain free on the animal reserves of Africa. • The banana turned brown. • This soups tastes disgusting! • The courageous men were all firefighters.

34. My sister grew an inch last year. We grew tired after all that shopping! Do you feel the wind on your face? I feel sorry about your loss. The roses smell quite fragrant! I smell something cooking. Please remain in your classrooms. The students remained calm during the fire drill. Action Linking Action Linking Linking Action Action Linking Is it Action or Linking?

35. Remember…all verbs are ACTION VERBS or LINKING VERBS Join the subject Transitive or Intransitive to a noun, pronoun or adj in the predicate Has Object No object

36. Verb Phrases • A Verb Phrase consists of a main verb preceded by at least one helping verb. Seiji Ozawa will conduct many outstanding orchestras. He has been praised for his fine conducting. His recordings should be heard by anyone interested in classical music. He will be leading the orchestra tonight.

37. Helping Verbs (cont. on next slide)

38. Commonly Used Helping Verbs Forms of be am, are, be, being, was, were, are, been, is, were Forms of do do, does, did Forms of have have, has, had Other helping verbs: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, would, will

39. Some “tricks” with verb phrases • Some helping verbs can also be main verbs (Did he do his homework?) • Sometimes (especially in questions), the main verb and the helping verbs are separated. (How much do you really know about the situation?) (Students have sometimes forgotten their notebooks.) (They will not believe you.) • ** THE WORD “NOT” IS NEVER A HELPING VERB!!!!***

40. People may someday communicate with dolphins. How much do you like the blue dress? Because of the fog, we could not see the road. He didn’t understand the problem. They will ask him in the morning. Harry might look for a job tomorrow. The youngsters can’t decide on a movie to watch. My mom wouldn’t let me go to the store. May communicate Do like Could see Did understand Did ask Might look Can decide Would let Practice with Verb Phrases

41. We received a letter in the mail. The door was open after the storm. The man was crying after his daughter left. In the morning, we will be so tired. Do you feel anxious before a test? Received—action Was—linking Was crying—action Will be—linking Do feel--linking Is it Action or Linking?

42. Let’s Review Verbs! • Find the verb(s) in the following sentences: 1.) We celebrated the Chinese New Year yesterday. (celebrated) 2.) Mr. Lopez is baking bread. (is, baking) 3.) Many people in Africa can speak more than one language. (can=helping verb;speak=verb) 4.) Kansas has been named the Sunflower State. (has, been=helping verbs; named=verb)

43. Adverb • Definition: a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. • Adverbs tell where, when, how, or to what extent (how much or how long). • Examples: Where: The forest fire started here. When: The police arrived promptly. How: The accident occurred suddenly. What Extent: We should never deceive our friends.

44. Adverbs that describe adjectives • I have had a very hard day. • I answered almost all the questions! • The boys encountered especially difficult obstacles. • Some students told unusually funny stories. You must find the adjective first and then see if another word is telling when, where, how or to what extent.

45. Adverbs that describe other adverbs • Elena finished the problem more quickly than I did. • Our guest left quite abruptly. • You answered the question so perfectly that I was quite completely amazed. First you must find the adverb and then see if another adverb is telling when, where, how or to what extent (usually to what extent)

46. Have you always known that you wanted to be a teacher? The man looked everywhere for his little dog. If you occasionally ask a question, you will understand better. My mother often sends me gifts in the mail. We were pleasantly surprised by the slightly warm weather. You read so well! Always (when) Everywhere (where) Occasionally (when) better (to what extent) Often (when) Pleasantly (how) slightly (to what extent) So (to what extent) well (how) Practice with adverbs….

47. Let’s Review Adverbs! • Find the adverb in the following sentences: 1.) The sprinter ran swiftly. (swiftly) 2.) Put the apples there, and we’ll eat them later. (there, later) 3.) I have always been a real music lover. (always) 4.) We often study together. (often)

48. Let’s review adverbs once more… • What do adverbs describe? Verbs Adjectives Other adverbs • What do adverbs tell? When Where How To what extent

49. Preposition • A preposition is a word used to show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence. A change in preposition can change the whole meaning of the sentence!

50. Examples • The package under the tree is mine. • The package in the tree is mine. • The package near the tree is mine. • The package in front of the tree is mine. • The package behind the tree is mine.