Aim: Describe the major benefits and drawbacks of the Age of Exploration.

1. The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests Aim: Describe the major benefits and drawbacks of the Age of Exploration.

2. Earlier Explorations • Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca • A New Player  Europe • Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 • Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. • Better seaworthy ships. • Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

3. Admiral Zheng He • Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435

4. Lets Get A Better Look at This:What conclusions can be drawn?

5. What were the goals of Zheng He’s travels? • Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored a series of seven naval expeditions. They were designed to establish a Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin. • In July 1405, the first of seven expeditions set sail, over 50 years before Columbus’ voyage to the New World. • The fleet included 27,870 men on 317 ships. These were massive ships with 9 masts and manned by 500 men. Some of the ships were over 300 feet long and 150 feet wide, the largest being 440 feet long and 186 feet across, capable of carrying 1,000 men. • The crew included sailors, clerks, interpreters, soldiers, artisans, medical men and meteorologists. • On board were large quantities of cargo including silk goods, porcelain, gold and silverware, copper utensils, iron implements and cotton goods.

7. Zheng He’s Accomplishments • Zheng He’s fleets visited Arabia, Brunei, East Africa, India, Malay Archipelago and Thailand (at the time called Siam), dispensing and receiving goods along the way. • The importance of Zheng He and his expeditions, is that they were voyages of discovery not a lust for “gold” that was never sated. • By accounts of his contemporaries and chroniclers, he generally sought to attain his goals through diplomacy, however, it was also reported that he walked like a tiger and did not shy away from violence when needed, like suppressing the pirates who had long plagued Chinese and southeast Asian waters. • His fleet carried gifts from the Chinese emperor to the rulers of the lands he visited, and carried back officials and envoys to China as guests of the imperial court. And unlike the conquistadors his fleet didn’t decimate the population of the cities they visited; instead they built granaries, warehouses and stockades. Zheng He also built several Muslim communities in Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines. • HOW DID THE EUROPEANS ASSERT THEIR POWER OVER THE ASIAN WORLD? *joint stock companies

8. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

9. Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

10. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

11. New Weapons Technology

12. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419

13. Portuguese and Spanish Maritime Empire

14. Portuguese Maritime Empire • Exploring the west coast of Africa. • Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. • Vasco da Gama, 1498. • Calicut. • Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

15. Zheng He’s Voyages • In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

16. Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

17. Columbus’ Four Voyages

18. Other Voyages of Exploration

19. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

20. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

21. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

22. The Death of Montezuma II

23. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

24. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

25. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

26. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

27. The “Columbian Exchange” What were the advantages and drawbacks of this exchange?

28. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

29. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

30. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

31. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

32. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

33. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

34. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

35. European Empires in the Americas

36. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

37. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World • Encomienda or forced labor. • Council of the Indies. • Viceroy. • New Spain and Peru. • Papal agreement.

38. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

39. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

40. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542

41. New Colonial Rivals • Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. • Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. • First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. • Surat in NW India in 1608. • Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

42. New Colonial Rivals

43. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.

44. New Patterns of World Trade

45. Impact of Interaction / Development of a Global Economy Aim: Describe the major benefits and drawbacks of the Age of Exploration.