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Organisation of the genetic material in pro- and eukariotic cells

Organisation of the genetic material in pro- and eukariotic cells. DNA, chromatin, chromosomes. 1 µ m = 2 Megadalton (2 x 10 6 Dalton) = 3 kbp. Intergenic DNA 2000 Mb. Genes and gene-related sequences 1200Mb. Genes 48 Mb. Related seq. 1152 Mb. Interspersed repeats 1400 Mb.

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Organisation of the genetic material in pro- and eukariotic cells

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  1. Organisation of the genetic material in pro- and eukariotic cells DNA, chromatin, chromosomes

  2. 1 µm = 2 Megadalton (2 x 106 Dalton) = 3 kbp

  3. Intergenic DNA 2000 Mb Genes and gene-related sequences 1200Mb Genes 48 Mb Related seq. 1152 Mb Interspersed repeats 1400 Mb Other intergenic regions 600 Mb Pseudogenes Gene fragments Introns, UTRs Microsatellites 90 Mb LINES 640 Mb LTR elements 250 Mb Various 510 Mb SINES 420 Mb DNA transposons 90 Mb Genome Content Human Genome 3200 Mb SINE: Alu, 281 bp, 300.000 p, 9% LINE: L1, 6500 bp, 50.000 p, 7%, retrotransposon

  4. T phage of Esherichia coli ~ 50 m DNA.

  5. Single Circular DNA molecule of Escherichia coli, ~1,4 mm long

  6. ~4 cm linear DNA molecule contains in a usual human chromosome

  7. E. coli: 4 639 221 nukleotide pairs, 4200 genes

  8. Supercoiled Relaxed Topoisomerases

  9. Nucleus of a eukariotic cells (electronmicrograph) Function: protection, transport, gene expression nucleolus euchromatin nuclear lamina heterochromatin HETEROCHROMATIN

  10. 1 µm = 2 Megadalton (2 x 106 Dalton) = 3 kbp

  11. Types of the chromatin: eu- and heterochromatin Structure of the chromatin ; histons, nucleosomes, solenoid and loops

  12. Histones: small, basic, higly conserved proteins

  13. 30 nm chromatin fiber: interactions and modifications of site chains of histones and H1 histon are necessary The sructure of the 30 nm chromatin fiber is variable (heterogen)

  14. solenoid „beads-on-a-string” structure 11 and 30 nm chromatin fibers (electonmicrograph)

  15. H2A H2B H3 H4

  16. Chromatin structure and gene expresson in that area are hang on the chemical modification of histones (acetylations, metylation, phosphorylation)

  17. A „hiszton kód” hipotézis

  18. SMC = Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes family protein (part of the condensin complex) Condensins organise the loop-structure

  19. DNA Chromatin Loops Metaphase chromosome

  20. Chemical modification of the DNA (methylation) has role in regulation

  21. de novo metylases Imprinting

  22. XIST = X inactivaton specific transcript XIC = X inactivation center Histones also play role in the inactivation

  23. Localization of the chromosome 18 and chr. 19 in interphase nucleus

  24. The chromosome structure and the cell division Arms, centromer, telomers

  25. arms sisterchromatides Kinetochor microtubuls

  26. Lewin: Genes IX. Fig. 28.30

  27. Telomer and telomerase

  28. fibrillar granular light stained

  29. A magvacska funkciói

  30. Special chromosomes Politen chromosome – in salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster Lampbrush chromosomes – amphybian oocytes

  31. Politen chromosomes

  32. RNA synthesis on the politen chromosomes

  33. Lampbrush chromosomes in an amphybian oocyte

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