The Physical Geography of Europe

1. The Physical Geography of Europe Chapter 11

2. Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands • 300 miles of coastline • Dikes and polders

3. Northern Peninsula • Scandinavian Peninsula • Glaciation • Fjords • Peninsula of Jutland

5. The Southern Peninsulas • Iberian Peninsula • Strait of Gibralter (20 miles) • Pyrenees Mountains • Apennine (A phu NYN) Peninsula • Balkan Peninsula

6. Europe’s Islands • Iceland • Volcanoes, hot springs, geysers • Hot water for heat • British Isles, Great Britain and Ireland • Mediterranean Sea Islands • Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus

8. Mountains and Plains • Ben Nevis • Pyrenees Mountains • Alps • Mt. Blanc • Rhine and Po Rivers • North European Plain • loess

9. Water Systems • Thames – through England • The Rhine – Beginning at Alps, through France, Germany, and Netherlands • Danube – Eastern Europe through Germany

11. Natural Resources • Water, coal, iron, peat. • Peat is a vegetable matter found in swamps and usually composed of mosses.

12. Chapter 11 Section 2

13. Climate and Vegetation

14. Water and Land • Water has a HUGE impact on the climates!

15. Western Europe • Marine West Coast Climate – mild winters, cool summers, plenty of rainfall • Warm air from the oceans • Trees and Highlands – deciduous and coniferous trees • Alps – highlands climate, cooler • Foehns- sudden, dry winds

16. Ireland’s forests – • Most of Ireland used to be forest, but by 1922, only 1%!

17. Southern Europe • Mediterranean Climate – warm, dry summers, and mile, rainy winters. • Alps block the arctic winds • Mistral – strong north wind from the Alps • Siroccos – high, dry winds from Northern Africa

18. Eastern and Northern Europe • Humid, Continental Climate – cold, snowy winters and hot summers. • Temps vary b/c they don’t get the winds from the Atlantic • Mixed vegetation • Far North is subarctic and Tundra climates • Plenty of permafrost

19. The Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12

20. Population Patterns Chapter 12 Section 1

21. Ethnic Diversity • Indo-European • Mediterranean Peoples • Asian, African, Caribbean • People come from places around the world where Europe used to have power

22. Ethnic Groups • 160 ethnic groups – shared ancestry, language, customs, and often religion • Sweden – 89% are Germanic descent • Belgium – 56% Flemings (Dutch), 32% Walloons (Celtics)

23. Ethnic Tensions • Creates conflict • Balkan Pennisula – 1990s, Serbs,m Croats, Bosnian Muslims, Kosovar Albanians • Yugoslavia formed in WWII, but separated in 1990s. • Bosnia-Herzegovina/ Kosovo (Serb ruled) • Serbs instituted “ethnic cleansing” creating “refugees”

26. Sources of Unity • Most Europeans value past and cultural achievements of ancestors • Families • Committed to democracy and free markets • Believe government should regulate economies and provide for social welfare.

27. Population Characteristics • 2nd smallest continent • 3rd most populous • 2001 (excluding Russia), 583 mill • Germany 82 million • Vatican City 1,000 people

28. Population Denisty • 2nd most dense continent255 psm • Industrialized areas are most populous.

30. Population Distribution • Compare p. 262 with p. 260 • Most people where there is favorable climates, plains, fertile soil, mineral resources, inland waterways

33. Urbanization • 1700s….industrial revolution • Went from farms to factories • WWII spread industrialization to Eastern Europe • 75% of people live in cities • Paris and London as two of most populous in world.

35. Urban Features • Overcrowding • Combination of old and new • Naples

36. Population Movements • 1800-1900s, Europeans move to Americas • Mid 1900s, people move to Europe • 1950s and 60s…needed foreign workers to fill positions • People came from territories once owned by Europe • 1970s, jobs were fewer, thus beginning tensions between the new and old citizens • Italy and Germany have shrinking populations

37. History and Government Chapter 12 section 2

38. The Rise of Europe • Physical geography’s impact • How were water and mountains important?

39. Early Peoples • Ancient peoples found • 6,000 BC, farming spread from Southwest Asia to southeastern Europe….allowed for settlement

40. Ancient Greece and Rome • Greece • 400-300 BC reached its zenith • Formed city-states – independent but related • Overpopulation and desire for wealth brought colonization to the Mediterranean coast. • Laid foundations for European government and culture • Athens introduced Democracy • Women and slaves could not vote • Art, literature, drama, philosophy, mathematics, and medicine

42. Rome • Height of power from 27BC-180AD • Italy 500 BC formed a Republic • Spreading Empire to Southwest Asia and North Africa • Greek art and literature, Greek science and architecture • Developed government, law, and engineering • Built roads, bridges, and aqueducts

44. A Christian Europe • 300 AD, Christianity official religion of Roman Empire • Empire ruled by two emperors, developing Eastern and Western Europe • 400s, Germanics overthrew Roman rule in Western half • Western Christianity developed into Roman Catholicism • Easter half became Byzantine Empire with Constantinople as capital with Eastern Orthodoxy • 500s, Slavs migrated from Ukraine to eastern and central Europe

46. The Middle Ages • Middle Ages – period between ancient and modern times • 500-1500, Feudalism – replaces centralized government • Monasteries and cathedrals were centers of learning • Byzantines preserved ancient Greek and Roman cultures and spread Easter Orthodoxy

48. Jewish communities, often persecuted by Christians • Many Jews settled in Eastern Europe • Islam – belief in one God and followed teaching of Muhammad • Spread from Southwest Asia through North Africa, into Spain

50. Expansion of Europe • 1000s, fighting crusades to win Palestine • Failed to win, but established trade routes • 1300s, Renaissance – 300 years of learning, discovery, and advancement