BG (RET) Russ Howard— Director, Terrorism Research and Education Program—

1. Civil – Military Operations Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Learning From the Past to Ensure the Future BG (RET) Russ Howard— Director, Terrorism Research and Education Program— Monterey Institute of International Studies (MonTREP)

2. Thanks • To Development Alternative Incorporated (DAI) for supporting the research for this presentation and for several other development related research endeavors over several years.

3. Thanks • Special thanks to Eva Cheng, Graduate Research Assistant at the Terrorism Research and Education Program (MonTREP) at the Monterey Institute of International Studies

4. Agenda • Learning from Past Failures • Sri Lanka Reconstruction Background • Important Statistics • Learning from Past Successes • Some Final Thoughts

5. Failure in Somalia: Demining, Disarmament, Demobilization

6. Failure in Somalia: Demining, Disarmament, Demobilization • Program failed for several reasons: • Stability not achieved • Clans not treated uniformly • Disarmed clans put at risk • Demining learning curve too steep • Few alternatives to earn a livelihood

7. Somalia Case Study — In the aftermath of the Siad Barre regime the only institution in Somalia that held a “national identity” was the “National Police,” a gendarme type organization Made up of individuals from all tribes and clans, the Somali National Police put the “state” ahead of their tribal or clan interests Failure in Somalia: Demining, Disarmament, Demobilization

8. Somalia Case Study When asked to reform, they did so willingly and without compensation such was their loyalty It was a failure in US and UN strategy that the Somali National Police were not reformed, retrained, reequipped, and returned to service Failure in Somalia: Demining, Disarmament, Demobilization

9. Sri Lanka Situation Much Different • Sri Lankan military Victory over LTTE accelerates disarmament, demobilization, and reconstruction opportunities. • Demining effort considered a success: Sri Lanka's demining program supported by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) recorded satisfactory progress in demining the war-ravaged Northern and Eastern provinces, the UN Resident Coordinator in Sri Lanka, SubinayNandy has said.

10. Still the Problem is Serious • Sri Lanka’s northern region sustained the bulk of the physical damage during the conflict; • This damage, compounded with the destruction caused by the 2004 tsunami and remnants of unexploded ordnance, rendered many areas of the region uninhabitable, leaving an official count of 430,000 persons displaced. The conflict itself also produced many displaced female-headed households in need of aid.

11. Sri Lanka – Good News • Middle Income Country • GDP per capita - $5,600 • Literacy Rate - 90.7% • Males: 92.3% • Females 89.1% • UNDP Human Development Index • 97th out of 187 countries

12. Growth Under Reconstruction Program—Good News? • 22% Economic Growth in the North • 2009 - 6.2% growth across Sri Lanka • 2010 - 8% growth • 2011 - 7.5% growth • Unemployment Rate (for country) - 4.2% • Poverty Rates - 9% in 2009/10 • 4% in Colombo District • Diaspora funds - 23.6% increase in 2010

13. Some Bad News--Poverty in Sri Lanka • 430,000 persons displaced • 23% of population lives below $1.25 USD/day • Youth Unemployment Rate - 21.3%

14. Demographic Trends (Threats) - Population

15. Demographic Trends (Threats) – Population -- Youth Youth Glut in Developing World Youth Shortage in Developed World US -- Social Security example The birth rate in Japan, Russia and much of Europe is in decline. Who takes care of the aging population. In China the “one child” policy has chilling long-term effects. • In some states more than 60% of the population is under the age of 29. • In some societies the term “youth” has nothing to do with age, but in status and wealth. • Where are the jobs for the “youth bulge” and what will the youth do without jobs.

16. Reported Criticisms of Sri Lanka’s Military in Reconstruction Efforts • Military reconstruction undercuts Local businesses • Population-in-need does not see benefits of economic growth • Seen as imposing Sinhalese culture on Tamils and other minorities • Tamils (especially those previously affiliated with LTTE), Ex-Detainees, and IDPs have difficulty finding employment

17. Learning from the Past • The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a public works that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the U.S. for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 17–23. It was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal and it provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide employment for young men in relief families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory. Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000; in nine years 2.5 million young men participated.

18. Learning From the Past -- The Civilian Conservation Corps • Benefits of an individual’s enrollment in the CCC included improved physical condition, heightened morale, and increased employability. • Of their pay of $30 a month, $25 went to their parents. • Participants had a greater awareness and appreciation of the nation's natural resources; and the continued need for a carefully planned, comprehensive national program for the protection and development of natural resources.

19. Learning from the Past—CCC • CCC, volunteers planted nearly 3 billion trees to help reforest America, • constructed more than 800 parks nationwide and upgraded most state parks, • updated forest fire fighting methods, and • built a network of service buildings and public roadways in remote areas that are still in use today

20. Learning From the Past – CCC • Duration of program: April 5, 1933 to June 30, 1942 • Total Cost: 3 billion dollars • Allotments to Dependents: $662,895,000 • Total Men Enrolled: 3,463,766 • Number of People Directly Benefited from Enrollees Checks: 12 to 15 million • Value of Work in 1942 Dollars: 2 billion dollars • Average Enrollee: 18 to 19 years old, 147 pounds, 5' 81/4" tall • ’

21. Learning from the Past---CCC • The CCC performed 300 possible types of work projects within ten approved general classifications: • Structural improvements: bridges, fire lookout towers ,service buildings • Transportation: truck trails, minor roads, foot trails and airport landing fields • Erosion control: check dams, terracing and vegetable covering • Flood control: irrigation, drainage, dams, ditching, channel work, riprapping • Forest culture: planting trees and shrubs, timber stand improvement, seed collection, nursery work • Forest protection: fire prevention, fire pre-suppression, firefighting, insect and disease control • Landscape and recreation: public camp and picnic ground development, lake and pond site clearing and development • Range: stock driveways, elimination of predatory animals • Wildlife: stream improvement, fish stocking, food and cover planting • Miscellaneous: emergency work, surveys, mosquito control

22. CCC Statistics • Average Weight Gain of Enrollees in First 3 Months: 11.5 pounds • Number of Illiterate Enrollees Taught to Read: more than 40,000 • Several skills applicable for private enterprise were taught. • Total Number of Different Camps: 4,500 • Highest Elevation of CCC Camp: 9,200 feet above sea level, in Colorado. • Lowest Elevation of CCC Camp: 270 feet below sea level, Death Valley, California

23. CCC Statistics • Miles of Road Built: 125,000 • Miles of Telephone Lines Strung: 89,000 • Miles of Foot Trails Built: 13,100 • Farmland Benefited from Erosion Control Projects: 40 million acres • Stream and Lake Bank Protection: 154 million square yards • Range Re-vegetation: 814,000 acres • State Parks Developed: 800 • Public Campground Development: 52,000 acres

24. CCC Statistics • Farmland Benefited from Erosion Control Projects: 40 million acres • Stream and Lake Bank Protection: 154 million square yards • Range Revegetation: 814,000 acres • Firefighting Days: more than 6 million • Number of Enrollees Who Died Fighting Fires: 29 • Mosquito Control: 248,000 acres • Number of Fish Stocked: 972 million

25. CCC Statistics • Number of Trees Planted: between 2 and 3 billion • Number of Conservation Related Workdays: 7,135,000 • Number of Federal Government Agencies Participating in Some Capacity: 25 • Miles of Road Built: 125,000 • Miles of Telephone Lines Strung: 89,000 • Unofficial Motto of the CCC: "We Can Take It!"

26. CCC—Not All was Positive • Women were not part of the program, but at the insistence of Mrs. Roosevelt, a much smaller program called “She-She-She” camps was created. • African Americans were enrolled in the program and received the same pay and benefits, but worked and lived in separate, segregated camps.

27. CCC Was a Military Operation • Brigadier General George C. Marshall and United States Army were in charge of the program. • CCC workers lived in military style camps and barracks, wore military style uniforms, and earned a private’s pay.

28. Final Thoughts • A nation’s military can have a profound source of “unification spirit” for a country. • Dealing with the “youth bulge” problem is not just a Sri Lanka phenomena, but a world-wide problem. • It really is about the “economy.” • Give women development capital and good results will occur. Women are the engines of growth in rural, village, and often urban economies.

29. US Reconstruction Assistance to Sri Lanka • $1.63 billion from USAID since 1984 • $135 million from USAID in 2004--Devoted to emergency relief after the tsunami • $15.9 million requested for Developmental Assistance in Fiscal Year 2012 • USAID Programs aim to "reduce unemployment, improve housing, develop Colombo stock exchange, modernize judicial system, and improve competitiveness"

30. The End • Questions • Comments • Suggestions • Other points of view