Principles of Communication

1. Principles of Communication Chapter 3: The Communication Process

2. OBJECTIVES Following Chapter 3, you will be able to: Identify key components in communication processes Describe common models for communication systems Relate common models to real communication systems Understand the impact of noise on communication Chapter 3 Case Study Instructor Review Student Q&A

3. What is a signal? Definition A signal is a physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other independent variable by which information can be conveyed. Examples

4. What is a signal? Listen to and look at this signal…

5. What is a system? Firstly, consider a process…… Definition a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end. Input Output Data Information . . . - - - . . . “Help!” 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 MORSE CODE

6. ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 _ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 _ 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 - C a t An Exampleb7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 ASCII - 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 ‘C’ b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 ASCII - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 ‘a’ b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 ASCII - 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 ‘t’

7. What is a system? Secondly, consider a system…… Definition a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, in particular. Input Output process process process An adaptive system uses feedback to ‘monitor’ and ‘control’ the output. closed-loop A system can comprise of one or many processes.

8. Communication Systems Simplex A signal can only be sent (one way communication) e.g., a PA system, a megaphone, keyboard, mouse, etc. Half Duplex Signals can be sent and received BUT NOT at the same time e.g., a walkie-talkie, an intercom, telegraph, fax, etc. Full Duplex Signals can be sent and received AT the same time e.g., telephone, video-conference, etc.

9. “Mr. Watson. Come Here. I need you.” Bell's drawing of the workings of a telephone, from his original sketches (source: Bell Family Papers; Library of Congress; http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mcc/004/0001.jpg)

10. History of Communications Systems The Digital Age

11. 3.3 Models of the Communication Process Models of communication are used to represent concepts involved in the communication process. This chapter presents the classic communication models… Shannon's model (the active model) A cybernetic model (the interactive model) An intermediary model (the gatekeeper model) The trans-active model (modern communications)

12. 3.4 Shannon’s Model of the Communication Process Channel Information Source TransmitterTX ReceiverRX Information Destination MESSAGE MESSAGE SIGNAL RECEIVEDSIGNAL NOISE Shannon's (1948) model of the communication process is, in important ways, the beginning of the modern field.

13. 3.4 Shannon’s Model of the Communication Process Shannon's model breaks down into eight components: 1. Source: An information source... the person sending the information. 2. Message: The message… the information being sent. 3. Transmitter: A transmitter… the tools used to send the information such as the mouth (sound) and body (gesture) create and change a message, and air (sound) and light (gesture) enable the transmission of the message. 4. Signal: The signal… additional meaning associated with the message such as the language of words being used, or cultural importance of specific gestures and body language.

14. 3.4 Shannon’s Model of the Communication Process 5. Channel: A carrier or channel… the method for delivering the information such as words, letters, emails, radio waves, etc. 6. Noise: Noise… secondary signals that obscure or confuse the information. Noise can be one person’s words, or even another person’s own thoughts. 7. Receiver: A receiver… the tools used for receiving the information. In face to face communication a set of ears (sound) and eyes (gesture). 8. Destination: A destination… a person who receives the message. and understands it?

15. Exercise – Components in the Shannon Model Speaker’sMouth Paper Cup Converts/Encodessound to physical vibration String Paper Cup Converts/Encodesphysical vibration to sound Listener’sEar Channel Information Source TransmitterTX ReceiverRX Information Destination Using the sheets provided, identify the communication system and name the componentsof the system described.

16. 3.5 The Interactive Model of the Communication Process Channel Information Source TransmitterTX ReceiverRX Information Destination MESSAGE MESSAGE SIGNAL RECEIVEDSIGNAL NOISE Return Channel (Closed Loop) People adapt their messages based on the feedback they receive, including a ‘closed loop’ provides feedback.

17. 3.5 Derivative Models of the Communication Process A gatekeeper is an intermediary with the ability to decide what messages others see, the context in which they are seen, and when they see them. Sometimes the gatekeeper prevents the message from reaching an audience (destination). In extreme variations we refer to such gatekeepers as censors.

18. 3.5 The Gatekeeper Model of the Communication Process Channel Information Source TransmitterTX Gatekeeper /Intermediary MESSAGE SIGNAL This type of control is common in the mass media suchas news reporting where ‘editors’ ‘shape’ the informationto meet the perceived needs of the ‘consumers’.

19. 3.5 Derivative Models of the Communication Process But where Shannon’s interactive model shows feedback from one source, the trans-active model allows for feedback from both communicators. Signal inChannel Encodewith language Receive & Interpret CommunicatorA CommunicatorB Receive & Interpret Encodewith language Signal inChannel

20. Noise in the Communication Process Noise can be considered as anything which reduces the quality of the signal received, which may lead to mis-understanding of the original intended meaning. Noise is often considered as sound energy, but can alsooriginate from other physical sources. Radio Noise(including solar) Electrical / Magnetic Noise Light Noise(refraction/reflection) Thermal Noise White Noise

21. Noise in the Communication Process Noise can also be considered to include anything which may distort our interpretation/understanding of a message. Semantic Noise Internal Noise External Noise Keywords (Red Flags)Discriminatory remarks Controversial Symbols (provoke feelings) SightsSoundsSmellsEnvironment Thoughts / FeelingsTirednessDaydreamIllness

22. Noise in the Communication Process Attempt to identify the noise types for the following situations………. External Noise Internal Noise Semantic Noise

23. 3.8 The Role of Communication The two basic rules of the communication process are… Communication is a process that happens among communicators, and acts to connect them across a space and time. Communication involves the creation, transmission, and reception of messages. ! Noise can affect the effectiveness of every communication.

24. Summary • Today you have learned how to: • Identify key components in communication processes • Describe common models for communication systems • Relate common models to real communication systems • Understand the impact of noise on communication

25. HOMEWORK! Go to the copy shop next to the canteen and get a copy of Unit 4: Perception and Self. Read Unit 4 and complete sections 4.1 Key Vocabulary and Chapter 4 Review: Case Study.

26. Case Study Review Take 15-minutes to compare your case study summaries with a partner and create a revised idea to present.

27. BREAK! Now, take a 30-minute break and then return to the class to work on your term paper focus. Enjoy! Take a break!

28. Handout Review You will now be given a handout with comprehension questions. Use the book and the notes you’ve taken to answer the questions as best as possible. You have 45-minutes to complete the handouts and return them to the instructor at the end of class.