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Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function. Scientists responsible for the tools and foundations of cell biology:. Robert Hooke 1665 term “cell” observed cork. Scientists responsible for the tools and foundations of cell biology:. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674

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Cell Structure and Function

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  1. Cell Structure and Function

  2. Scientists responsible for the tools and foundations of cell biology: Robert Hooke 1665 term “cell” observed cork

  3. Scientists responsible for the tools and foundations of cell biology: Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674 used high quality lenses to improve microscope pond water - animalcules recognized cells as basic unit of life

  4. Scientists responsible for the tools and foundations of cell biology: Robert Brown 1830’s discovered the cell’s nucleus nucleus directs cell division

  5. Scientists responsible for the tools and foundations of cell biology: Matthias Schleiden 1838 plants composed of cells

  6. Scientists responsible for the tools and foundations of cell biology: Theodor Schwann 1839 animals composed of cells

  7. Scientists responsible for the tools and foundations of cell biology: Rudolf Virchow 1855 new cells arise from the division of preexisting cells

  8. Cell Theory The work of these scientists provided information significant to the development of the cell theory • All living things are composed of cells • Cells are alike in chemical composition and structure • Cells are the smallest working unit of living things • All cells arise from other cells All living organisms are alike because they are composed of cells … by studying the composition and chemistry of the cell, we understand the chemistry and composition of all kinds of life forms

  9. Breaking it down…… introduction to biochemistry

  10. What is biochemistry??? The study of matter and the changes in matter Pertaining to life Bio chemistry Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids

  11. Macromolecules Monomer AKA: Subunit Polymer: Very large molecule made from individual pieces

  12. Hydrolysis: Breaks apart the polymer into monomers • Water needed to break the bond • Dehydration Synthesis: AKA: Polymerization • Links the monomers together to form the polymer • Produces water

  13. What do monomers look like? • Hydrocarbon: Molecule containing Hydrogen and Carbon Saturated Ethene Ethane Unsaturated Ethyne

  14. Molecular Structure BRANCH CHAIN RING

  15. Substituted Hydrocarbon Methane • Hydroxyl -OH • Add –ol suffix to name • Creates an alcohol • Used to disinfect or as a fuel Methanol

  16. Methane • Carboxyl Group -COOH • Creates a carboxylic acid or organic acid • Found in citrus fruits, vinegar (ethanoic acid) Methanoic Acid

  17. Methane • Amine -NH2 • Includes novocaine, painkiller Methylamine

  18. Carbohydrates

  19. Proteins

  20. Lipids

  21. Nucleic Acids

  22. Group Project- Make a Biological Molecule • Build a biological molecule to hang from the ceiling. • Include all major structures. • Sketch out model before building. • You will have 20 minutes in class today and tomorrow to collaborate and 30 minutes to build on Friday. • Be creative!!!

  23. Enzyme Salad Lab • Test Tubes Containing the following • 1. Frozen + Gelatin • 2. Fresh + Gelatin • 3. Canned + Gelatin • 4. Gelatin • Place the test tubes in an ice bath. Once tube 4 has gelled, record observations in the table.

  24. Discussion Questions • Why did test tube #4 contain only gelatin? • What could account for the different results in the tubes? 3. How could the canning process change bromelin? 4. What could you do to fresh pineapple that would allow the salad to gel?

  25. Catalyst

  26. Enzymes

  27. Organic Molecules that compose “life’s building blocks”

  28. Enzyme activity(video) A. Enzymes put molecules together……SYNTHESIS. B. Enzymes take molecules apart…… DIGESTION. C. Enzymes control chemical reactions…….LIFE. D. Enzymes make chemical reactions require less energy. Substrate Enzyme A Enzyme B Lock and Key Theory for Enzyme Action

  29. Cells and cell types

  30. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells • No Nucleus • Small and simple • No organelles • Sticky capsule • Contains cell wall (peptidoglycan) • First cells • Live in a wide variety of environments • Include bacteria • Nucleus • Organelles • Unicellular or multicellular • Cytoskeleton • Some have cilia • Include all cells but bacteria

  31. Single Cell • Monera • Prokaryotic – lacking a nucleus and any organelles • Reproduce by binary fission – splitting into two • Ex. Bacteria • Protista • Eukaryotic – Nucleus present • Have organelles that carry out specific functions • Ex. Amoeba, paramecium, euglena

  32. Multi Cell • Fungi • Eukaryotic – Nucleus present • Cell Wall composed of chitin • Saprophytic (food comes from dead organic material) • Individual cells are not completely separate from neighboring cells • Ex. Bread mold, mushrooms, Athlete’s foot

  33. Animal • Eukaryotic – Nucleus present • Heterotrophic – food comes from organic material • No cell wall or chloroplast • Do have centrioles • Plants • Eukaryotic – Nucleus present • Cell Wall composed of cellulose • Autotrophic – can produce their own food • Chloroplasts, large vacuoles

  34. Quick Quiz!! If you found a new organism and it was multicellular, did not contain chloroplasts, but did have cell walls, which kingdom would you expect it to belong to? • Monera • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

  35. How did the first cells form? Oparin – Haldane Hypothesis (1920’s) Idea based on the behavior of energy and molecules found in all living things Prebiotic Soup: Methane (CH4) Hydrogen gas (H2) Ammonia gas (NH3) Water vapor (H2O) Very Little Oxygen!! Earth’s Conditions: volcanic eruptions UV radiation lightning meteor bombardment UV radiation synthesized the first organic compounds from inorganic precursors

  36. Testing the Hypothesis Stanley Miller (1953) Set up experiments using O-H hypothesis Produced simple amino acids 1 week!!! Amino Acids - building blocks for all life forms, protein components Molecules + Energy = Larger molecules and chemical compounds

  37. Results = Theory of How Earth’s Life Began Evidence: 20 amino acids common sugars lipids DNA and RNA ATP These have all been recreated in the laboratory. All the steps to making simple cells have been recreated under lab conditions!! Molecules of LIFE

  38. Quick Quiz!! What organelles are made up of lipids? • Cell membrane • Nuclear membrane • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi Bodies • All of the above Response Grid

  39. Conclusion = Theory of How Earth’s Life Began 1.) The Earth consisted of prebiotic soup from which small organic compounds were made 2.) Small molecules were joined to make larger molecules 3.) Molecules organized into droplets with different Characteristics than the molecules alone. 4.) Origin of heredity: formation of DNA allows primitive cells to reproduce themselves and pass on info.

  40. Endosymbiont Hypothesis Lynn Margulis (1970) proposed an evolutionary explanation for eukaryotic cells …Eukaryotic cell is the result of prokaryotic cells living enclosed in one cell Symbiotic: mutually benefiting from the relationship

  41. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus present Complex and organized complex and specialized functions Ex. – all body cells, plant cells, fungi, etc. Evolutionarily advanced over prokaryotic cells Prokaryotic Cells No nucleus Simple cells Function simply Ex. – Bacteria Precursors to eukaryotes

  42. Cell Membrane Function: -Separates the cell from its surroundings -Protects the cell contents - Determines what raw materials will enter* - Releases waste products produced inside of cell* *Transport Mechanisms

  43. Cell Membrane Phospholipid Bilayer …flexible barrier allowing only lipid soluble substances into the cell …fluid mosaic model = individual phospholipids can move around within the membrane Proteins …pump for specific substances into/out of cells …open channels for certain materials Carbohydrates …membrane stabilizers (cholesterol) …chemical identification of the cell

  44. Nucleus Functions: - control center, cell activities are primarily directed from the nucleus - Contains the DNA and proteins = CHROMATIN - Chromatin condenses during reproduction to form CHROMOSOMES

  45. Quick Quiz!! The majority of chromosomes are made up of what kinds of molecules? • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Response Grid

  46. Nucleus Membrane bound porous membrane

  47. Nucleolus Dark staining structure within the nucleus Contains r-RNA, makes ribosomes

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