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Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function. BUT FIRST…. LET ME TAKE A. Cells. Smallest living unit Most are microscopic. Discovery of Cells. Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) Observed sliver of cork Saw “row of empty boxes” Coined the term cell. Discovery of Cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (late1600s)

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Cell Structure and Function

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  1. Cell Structure and Function BUT FIRST…

  2. LET ME TAKE A

  3. Cells • Smallest living unit • Most are microscopic

  4. Discovery of Cells • Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) • Observed sliver of cork • Saw “row of empty boxes” • Coined the term cell

  5. Discovery of Cells • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (late1600s) • First to observe living cells in pond water (“animalcules”) • Father of Microbiology

  6. Cell theory • (1839) Matthias Schleiden(plant cells) Theodor Schwann (animal cells) “ all living things are made of cells” • (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow “all cells come from cells”

  7. Principles of Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells • Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell • All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)

  8. Cell Size

  9. Characteristics of All Cells • A surrounding membrane • Cytoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid • Organelles – structures for cell function • Control center with DNA

  10. Cell Types • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

  11. Prokaryotic Cells • First cell type on earth • Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

  12. Prokaryotic Cells • No membrane bound nucleus • Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration • Organelles not bound by membranes

  13. Eukaryotic Cells • Nucleus bound by membrane • Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells • Possess many organelles Protozoan

  14. Animal Cell

  15. Plant Cell

  16. Cell Organelles • Cellular machinery • Tiny “organs” of the cell that have a specific function (“little organ”) • Found only in Eukaryotic cells

  17. Cell Membrane • Double layer of phospholipids & proteins • Controls what enters and exits the cell

  18. Cell Walls • Found in plants, fungi, & many protists NOT in animal cells • Surrounds cell membrane

  19. Cell Wall • Plants – cell wall is mostly cellulose which gives it structure and strength

  20. Cytoplasm • Thick gel-like fluid where organelles are found

  21. Cilia & Flagella • Provide motility/movement • Cilia • Short…used to move substances outside human cells • Flagella • Whip-like extensions--Found on sperm cells

  22. Nucleus • Control center of cell • Double membrane • Contains • DNA—genetic material • Nucleolus

  23. Nuclear Membrane • Separates nucleus from rest of cell • Double membrane • Has pores

  24. DNA • Hereditary material • Chromosomes • DNA • Proteins

  25. Nucleolus • Most cells have 2 or more • Directs synthesis of RNA • Forms ribosomes

  26. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Helps move substances within cells • Network of interconnected membranes • Two types • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  27. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes attached to surface • Manufacture proteins • Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER • May modify proteins from ribosomes

  28. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • No attached ribosomes • Has enzymes that help build molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids

  29. Golgi Apparatus • Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall • Packaging & shipping station of cell

  30. Golgi Apparatus Function 1. Molecules come in vesicles 2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane 3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

  31. Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued) 4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle 5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus 6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

  32. Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes • Functions • Break down old cell parts • Digests invaders

  33. Vacuoles • Membrane bound storage sacs • Larger in plants than animals

  34. Mitochondria • Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration) • Glucose • Fatty acids • Release energy • ATP

  35. Mitochondria • Have their own DNA • Bound by double membrane

  36. Chloroplasts • Capture sunlight to help plant make food (photosynthesis)

  37. Review of Eukaryotic Cells

  38. Review of Eukaryotic Cells

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