Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

2. 16 Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

3. Learning Objectives Identify the factors that determine the success of a tourism destination. Relate tourism planning to tourism policy. Discover what the goals of tourism development should be. Recognize some serious barriers to tourism development must be overcome if a desired growth is to occur. Learn the political and economic aspects of development including those related to developing countries. Appreciate the importance of architectural design and concern for heritage preservation, local handicrafts, and use of indigenous materials in creating tourist facilities.

4. THE RITCHIE/CROUCH MODEL OF

5. Relating Tourism Planningto Tourism Policy SIMILARITIES Both deal with future development of a tourism destination or region Both emphasize strategic dimensions of managerial action – although planning must also address tactical concerns DIFFERENCES Policy formulation is definitely “big picture” while much of planning is characterized by attention to detail

6. Relating Tourism Planningto Tourism Policy (continued) DIFFERENCES (continued) Policy formulation is creative, intellectual process, while planning is a more constrained exercise Policy, particularly its visioning component, has long-term strategic emphasis, while planning tends to be more restrictive in time A one-year planning cycle is not uncommon, although 3-5 year plans are possible In contrast, destination visions may have a 5, 10, 50, or even a 100 year time horizon

7. Relating Tourism Planningto Tourism Policy (continued) DIFFERENCES (continued) Policy formulation must allow for unseen circumstances and technologies; planning tends to assume current conditions and technologies, with allowances for predictable or evolutionary change Policy formulation tends to emphasize systematic determination of “WHAT” should be done in long-term tourism development; planning tends to emphasize the “HOW” for achievement of specific destination goals

8. Advantages of Tourism • Increase governmental revenues • Diversifies the economy • Creates favorable worldwide image for the destination • Facilitates modernization • Provides tourist, recreational facilities for local population • Provides foreigners opportunity to be favorably impressed by little-known nation or regions • Provide employment opportunities • Generates foreign exchange • Increases incomes • Increases GNP • Development of tourism infrastructure helps stimulate local commerce and industry • Justifies environmental protection and improvement

9. Disadvantages of Tourism Develops excess demand Creates leakages so economic benefits do not accrue Diverts funds from more promising forms of economic development Creates social problems from income differences, social differences, introduction of prostitution, gambling, crime Degrades natural physical environment Degrades cultural environment Poses the difficulties of seasonality Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes Adds to inflation of land values and prices of local goods, services

10. The Planning Process Define the system and formulate objectives Gather data Analyze and interpret Create the preliminary plan Approve the plan Create the final plan Implement the plan

11. STAGE 1 Define System Ensure definitions for policy formulation and destination planning are consistent STAGE 2 Gather Necessary Data Much data used for policy formulation may be helpful for the planning process; additional and more detailed data required STAGE 3 Analyze & Interpret Data Useful to relate data to specific facilities, events, activities, programs that impact factors that determine, influence destination success STAGE 4 Create Preliminary Plan Plan should detail nature of facilities, events, activities, programs that will deliver the unique destination experience to enhance competitiveness of destination within strategic market segments STAGE 5 Approve the Plan Critical to ensure that where approval is required no relevant stakeholders are overlooked STAGE 6 Create the Final Plan Level of detail becomes increasingly rigorous and directly related to specific geography, legislation, financing, and timing of the “real world” STAGE 7 Implement the Plan Allocates responsibility for development actions to specific individuals, organizations, defines timing of actions, establishes contingencies for unexpected occurrences. Monitors, follows up, and evaluates An Overview of the Tourism Planning Process

12. Goals of Tourism Development Provide framework for raising the living standard of people through economic benefits of tourism Develop infrastructure and provide recreation facilities for visitors and residents alike Ensure development within visitor center and resorts is appropriate Establish development program consistent with cultural, social, and economic philosophy of government and people of region Optimize visitor satisfaction