1 / 19

PROTEINS

PROTEINS. INTRODUCTION. Useful Proteins. There are thousands and thousands of different combinations of amino acids that can make up proteins and that would increase if each one had multiple shapes Proteins usually have only one useful conformation

fawn
Download Presentation

PROTEINS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. PROTEINS INTRODUCTION

  2. Useful Proteins • There are thousands and thousands of different combinations of amino acids that can make up proteins and that would increase if each one had multiple shapes • Proteins usually have only one useful conformation • Natural selection has eliminated proteins that do not perform a specific function in the cell

  3. Functions / importance of Proteins Type Examples • Structural tendons, cartilage, hair, nails • Contractile muscles • Transport hemoglobin, albumin • Storage ferritin • Hormonal eg. insulin, growth hormone • Enzyme eg. hydroxylases • Protection immunoglobulins • Energy 4.1 k.cal/gm Motor • Signalling • Receptors • Motor proteins kinesin

  4. Protein FamiliesEnzymes • Have similarities in amino acid sequence and 3-D structure • Have similar functions such as breakdown proteins but do it differently

  5. Proteins at Work • The conformation of a protein gives it a unique function • To work proteins must interact with other molecules, usually 1 or a few molecules from the thousands to 1 protein • Ligand – the molecule that a protein can bind • Binding site – part of the protein that interacts with the ligand • Consists of a cavity formed by a specific arrangement of amino acids

  6. Ligand Binding

  7. Enzymes as Catalysts • Enzymes are proteins that bind to their ligand as the 1st step in a process • An enzyme’s ligand is called a substrate • May be 1 or more molecules • Output of the reaction is called the product • Enzymes can repeat these steps many times and rapidly, called catalysts

  8. Enzymes at Work • Lysozyme is an important enzyme that protects us from bacteria by making holes in the bacterial cell wall and causing it to break • Lysozyme adds H2O to the glycosidic bond in the cell wall • Active site is a special binding site in enzymes where the chemical reaction takes place

  9. Antibodies • Y-shaped molecules with 2 binding sites at the upper ends of the Y • The loops of polypeptides on the end of the binding site are what imparts the recognition of the antigen • Changes in the sequence of the loops make the antibody recognize different antigens - specificity

  10. Antibodies

  11. Antibody Family • A family of proteins that can be created to bind to almost any molecule • Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are made in response to a foreign molecule ie. bacteria, virus, pollen… called the antigen • Bind together tightly and therefore inactivates the antigen or marks it for destruction

  12. Motor Proteins • Proteins can move in the cell, say up and down a DNA strand but with very little uniformity • The hydrolysis of ATP can direct the the movement as well as make it unidirectional • The motor proteins that move things along the actin filaments or myosin

  13. Protein Machines • Complexes of 10 or more proteins that work together such as DNA replication, RNA or protein synthesis, trans-membrane signaling etc. • Usually driven by ATP or GTP hydrolysis

More Related