Endocrine and Nervous Systems Dr Atef Masad PhD Biomedicine

1. Endocrine and Nervous SystemsDr Atef MasadPhD Biomedicine Dr Ate Masad

2. The endocrine system and the nervous system work together to control the metabolic activity of the body. • Endocrine glands are DUCTLESS. This means that the hormones produced are put into the bloodstream to be taken to other parts of the body. Dr Ate Masad

3. The hormones of the endocrine system produce specific effects on body functions very slowly. This is due to the slow release of the chemicals (hormones). • By contrast, the nervous system brings about very fast changes. This is because the nervous system does not use chemical messengers, it uses electricity. Dr Ate Masad

4. Combining Forms for Endocrine Aden/o gland adenoma Adrenal/o Adren/o adrenal gland adrenalectomy adrenal Dr Ate Masad

5. Calc/o calcium calcemia Gluc/o Glyc/o sugar, glucose glucogenesis hyperglycemia Dr Ate Masad

6. Pancreat/o pancreas pancreatitis Thym/o thymus thymoma Dr Ate Masad

7. Thyroid/o thyroid gland thyroidectomy Dr Ate Masad

8. Although all the major hormones circulate within the bloodstream, each on has a specific TARGET organ. • Dysfunction of a gland may result in hyposecretion or hypersecretion of the hormone. Dr Ate Masad

9. Characteristics of Hormones • Are chemical substances produced by specialized cells. • Are slowly released in minute amounts directly into the bloodstream. • Are produced by endocrine glands • Are inactivated or excreted by the kidney or liver. Dr Ate Masad

10. Specific Glands • PITUITARY • Located in the brain. • Two parts to this gland: anterior anter/o posterior poster/o • The anterior and posterior parts are called LOBES. • Also known as the HYPOPHYSIS. anterior lobe: adenohypophysis posterior lobe: neurohypophysis Dr Ate Masad

11. Hormones of the pituitary gland: Adenohypophysis: Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Leutinizing Hormone (LH) Dr Ate Masad

12. Neurohypophysis: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin Dr Ate Masad

13. Overproduction of GH produces a condition called GIANTISM. • Underproduction of GH produces a condition called DWARFISM • Recall, that the combining form for extremities is ACR/O; therefore, the word denoting enlargement of the extremities is ACROMEGALY. This condition is a result of the hypersecretion of GH after puberty. This disorder is characterized by enlarged bones of the hands, feet, and head. Dr Ate Masad

14. What is ACRODERMATITIS? inflammation of the skin of the extremities • What is ACROHYPERHIDROSIS? excessive perspiration of the extremities Dr Ate Masad

15. THYROID GLAND Located on the front and sides of the trachea just below the larynx. It has two lobes that are separated by a thin strip of tissue called the ISTHMUS. The combining forms for the thyroid gland are thyr/o thyroid/o Dr Ate Masad

16. Hyperthyroidism excessive condition Thyroid gland Therefore, hyperthyroidism is a condition of excessive secretion of the thyroid gland. Dr Ate Masad

17. Thyrotoxicosis condition Thyroid gland poison This condition is also known as HYPERTHYROIDISM Therefore, thyrotoxicosis is a condition of the thyroid gland that is poisonous. Dr Ate Masad

18. Hormones of the Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine: 1. regulates metabolism 2. increases energy production from food. 3. increases rate of protein synthesis Calcitonin: decreases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood. Dr Ate Masad

19. PARATHYROID GLANDS • Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. • Named because they are found “around” the thyroid gland. • There are 4 parathyroid glands that produce PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) or PARATHORMONE. • This hormone increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus from bone to blood. • This works opposite of the CALCITONIN from the thyroid gland. Dr Ate Masad

20. ADRENAL GLANDS -also known as the SUPRARENAL GLANDS as they are found on top of the kidneys. -Hormones produced are: 1. Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and force of contraction, dilates bronchial tree, increases the conversion of glycogen from the liver to glucose, and increases the use of fat for energy. 2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): raises blood pressure and constricts blood vessels. Dr Ate Masad

21. 3. Aldosterone: regulates the amount of salt in the body. 4. Cortisol: Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat. 5. Androgens: maintain secondary sex characteristics These three hormones are produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. The previous two are produced by the ADRENAL MEDULLA. • medull/o = inner part/medulla Dr Ate Masad

22. PANCREAS (ISLETS of LANGERHANS) - located posterior to the stomach. - hormone producing cells are called ISLETS. - Produce INSULIN (decreases blood sugar levels) and GLUCAGON (increases blood sugar levels). Dr Ate Masad

23. The Nervous System • Two parts: 1. Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves that arise from the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves) Dr Ate Masad

24. NEURONS are the basic unit of the nervous system. They are specialized cells that: 1. respond to stimuli 2. detect stimuli 3. conduct electrochemical impulses 4. release chemical regulator. Dr Ate Masad

25. GLIAL CELLS • Do not carry impulses • Support and protect neurons • Line certain brain and spinal cord structures • Are phagocytic • Attach neurons to their blood supply Of importance because they are common sites of tumors. Dr Ate Masad

26. Combining Forms Cerebr/o cerebrum Encephal/o brain Gli/o glue or gluelike glial cell tissue mening/o Meningi/o meninges Myel/o spinal cord or bone marrow Neur/o nerve Dr Ate Masad