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Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue. Different types of connective tissues maintain form of the body by providing the matrix which connects and bind cells and organs of the body. Connective tissue consists of: Cells Fibers Ground substance Wide variety of connective tissue types reflects variation

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Connective Tissue

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  1. Connective Tissue

  2. Different types of connective tissues maintain form of the body by providing the matrix which connects and bind cells and organs of the body. • Connective tissue consists of: Cells Fibers Ground substance • Wide variety of connective tissue types reflects variation in the composition and the amount of the three components

  3. Cells of the Connective Tissue

  4. Fibroblast • Most dominant cell type of connective tissue • Synthesis of extracellular matrix components • Synthesis of fiber proteins • Production of growth factors • Fibroblast features • Fibrocyte features

  5. Macrophage • Ultrastructural features • Derived from monocyte • They form the Mononuclear Phagocyte System • Kupffer cell, Microglia, Osteoclast, Langerhans cell, dendritic cell, • Multinuclear giant cell, Epitheloid cell • Functions

  6. Mast Cell • Ultrastructural features • Secretory granules and content • Metachromasia • Function • Types Connective tissue mast cell Mucosal mast cell

  7. Plasma Cell • Ultrastructural features • Origin • Function

  8. Adipocytes and Leukocytes • Will be described later. • Adipocytes is a connective tissue cell specialized in fat storage and heat production • Leukocytes leave the blood stream by Diapedesis. They release chemical mediators of inflammation.

  9. Fibers of the Connective Tissue

  10. Collagen Fibers • Made of collagen protein which constitutes 30% of human body • They form a family of >25 produced by different types of cells • Classifications: Collagen forming long fibrils I, II, III, V, XI Fibril-associated collagen IX, XII, XIV Collagen forming anchoring fibrils VII Collagen forming network IV • Made mainly of glycine and proline

  11. Reticular Fibers • Made of collagen type III • They are very thin and form an extensive net work in certain organs • They contain 6-12% hexose sugars • They are found in parenchymatous organs e.g. liver and spleen • Argyrophilia, PAS +

  12. Elastic Fibers • A system consists of Oxytalan, Elaunin, and Elastic fibers. • Oxytalan fibers are not elastic but resistant to pulling e.g. zonular ligament and dermis. Consists of fibromodulin and fibrillin • Elaunin fibers: elastin start to deposit between oxytalan fibers e.g. around sweat glands and dermis • Elastic fibers: rich in elastin surrounded by a sheath of microfibrils of oxytalan • Made of, in addition to glycine and prolin, desmosine and isodesmosine

  13. Ground Substance • Consists of hydrated , colorless, transparent mixture of macromolecules. • It acts as a lubricant and a barrier • Composed of: Glycoseaminoglycans Proteoglycans Glycoproteins

  14. Glycoseaminoglycans • Composed of linear polysaccharides formed of repeating disaccharides units made of uronic acid and hexosamine • They are intensely hydrophilic and basophilic and acts as polyanion due to OH ,COO, and SH groups

  15. Types and distribution • Hyaluronic Acid • Chondroitin sulfate • Dermatin sulfate • keratin sulfate

  16. Proteoglycans • Consists of a core protein to which different types of glycosaminoglycan are attached except hyaluronic acid • Some are free in the ground substance e.g. Aggrecan and others are attached to cell membrane e.g. Syndecan Fibroglycan

  17. Glycoproteins • Made dominantly of protein to which attached abranched carbohydrates • Plays a role in the interaction between adult and embryonic cells and adhesion of cells into their sustrate • Examples Fibronectin Laminin

  18. Types of Connective Tissue • Connective tissue proper Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Regular Irregular

  19. Connective Tissue with Special Properties • Adipose Tissue • Elastic Tissue • Hematopoietic Tissue • Mucus Tissue • Reticular tissue

  20. Adipose Tissue • A special type of connective tissue in which adipocytes predominate • It serves as energy depot • It shapes the body • Act as a shock absorber • Thermal insulation • Keeps some organs in place e.g. Kidney

  21. Unilocular (Yellow) adipose Tissue • It is white to yellow because of carotenoids • Most common in adult • Almost found everywhere in the body • Distribution is affected by age and sex • Adipose tissue is divided into incomplete lobules by connective tissue • It is richly vascularized • Leptin is produced by fat cell to regulate amount of adipose tissue in the body • Ultrastructure of the adipose cell

  22. Multilocular (Brown) Adipose Tissue • It is brown because of richness of capillaries and numerous mitochondria containing colored cytochromes • It has a localized distribution • Ultrastructure of adipose cell • Cells are directly innervated by sympathetic nerves

  23. Clinical Applications • Immediate hypersensitivity reaction and Anaphylactic shock • Progressive systemic sclerosis and keloid • Marfan syndrome and fibrillin gene mutation • Ehlers-Danlos IV, VI, VII, Scurvy, Osteogenesis imperfecta

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