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Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease. Risk Factors. Risk Factors. Modifiable (controllable) Non-modifiable (non-controllable). Non-Modifiable Risk Factors. Age Sex Males Transgender research regarding hormone treatment may indicate increased risks Race Genetics and Family History.

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Cardiovascular Disease

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  1. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

  2. Risk Factors • Modifiable (controllable) • Non-modifiable (non-controllable)

  3. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors • Age • Sex • Males • Transgender research regarding hormone treatment may indicate increased risks • Race • Genetics and Family History

  4. Modifiable Risk Factors • Hypertension • Blood Lipids • Smoking • Physical Activity • Diabetes • Obesity • Inflammation • Stress • Substance Abuse

  5. Blood Pressure • Blood pressure is the force blood applies to arterial walls • High blood pressure = “hypertension”

  6. Hypertension • High blood pressure exerted against walls of arteries can cause damage • Bleeding & clotting • Plaque accumulation

  7. Hypertension

  8. Hypertension • Over time, hypertension can enlarge heart (muscle thickens due to increased work) • Enlarged heart over time may lose efficiency

  9. Blood Lipids • Amount of fat present in the blood • Main markers • Total cholesterol • LDL cholesterol (low density lipoprotein aka “the bad cholesterol”) • When LDL is damaged, it can adhere to blood vessels • HDL cholesterol (high density lipoprotein aka “the good cholesterol”) • Lowered risk unless HDL is dysfunctional • Triglycerides • Video

  10. Smoking • Nicotine can increase blood pressure • Chemicals in smoke can damage artery lining • Gases in smoke can interfere with oxygen delivery • Heart must work harder • Smoking can lower HDL

  11. Physical Activity • Regular aerobic activity can reduce risk • Walking • Running • Bicycling • Others? • Reduction in blood pressure • Blood lipid improvement • Increased HDL • Reduced total cholesterol

  12. Diabetes • Type I and Type II • Type II = much more common • Increased risk for blood vessel damage • Vulnerability to other risk factors

  13. Inflammation • Markers for inflammation in the blood increase risk • C-reactive protein • Inflammation can contribute to vessel lining damage

  14. Your Turn: Stress • What are the mechanisms behind how stress can increase risk for cardiovascular disease?

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