WATER & CLIMATE

1. WATER & CLIMATE (p. 135)

2. 8-1) EARTH’S WATER Origin of Water • Most of Earth’s water was formed early on by outgassing.

3. outgassing • the seeping out of gases from Earth’s interior. • It occurs through cracks and volcanic eruptions in Earth’s surface. Hydrothermal vents ("black smokers"), 2250m down on the ocean floor west of Vancouver Island, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.

4. http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2011/01/27/am.kaku.volcano.cnn?iref=allsearchhttp://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2011/01/27/am.kaku.volcano.cnn?iref=allsearch

5. Water on Earth…. • 97 % of the Earth’s water is salt water. • 3 % is fresh water • Most of that fresh water (2.1%) is ice (glaciers). • Only 0.9 % is accessible (streams, lakes or groundwater).

6. Water Cycle(aka hydrologic cycle) • A model used to illustrate the movement and phase changes of water at and near Earth’s surface. • The water cycle is driven by; • insolation • gravity.

7. The source for the water on land is the ocean. • Water reaches the land by the process of precipitation.

8. Four things may happen to precipitation that reaches Earth’s surface… • Evapo-transpiration.

9. Stored on the surface (ice/snow). Lassen Peak, CA

10. Infiltrates the lithosphere and becomes groundwater. Infiltrates – seeps or sinks into.

11. Flows over Earth’s surface as runoff.

12. WATER CYCLE VOCABULARY

13. evaporation • the change in state from liquid to a gas. It can happen when liquids are cold or when they are warm. It happens more often with warmer liquids. Evaporation is all about the energy in individual molecules, not about the average energy of a system. The average energy can be low and the evaporation still continues.

14. transpiration • the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere. Some desert plants have roots that extend 20 meters into the ground). Plants pump the water up from the soil to deliver nutrients to their leaves. This pumping is driven by the evaporation of water through small pores called "stomates", which are found on the undersides of leaves. Transpiration accounts for approximately 10% of all evaporating water.

15. condensation • change in state from a gas to a liquid.

16. precipitation • falling liquid or solid water from clouds toward Earth’s surface.

17. infiltration (seepage) • water entering or sinking into the upper parts of Earth’s lithosphere. (lithosphere - layer of rock that forms the solid outer shell at the top of Earth’s interior)

18. groundwater • the subsurface water found beneath the water table in the zone of saturation.

19. runoff • all water flowing at Earth’s surface. (includes stream flow).

20. 2 condensation 3 precipitation 1 transpiration evaporation 6 7 runoff 4 infiltration 5 groundwater

21. INFILTRATION OR RUNOFF?

22. Characteristics of Earth’s surface determines whether water infiltrates or becomes runoff.

23. 1 – Slope of the Land • Water does not have time to soak in when there is a steep slope. Infiltration Basin

24. steep slope little infiltration more runoff gentle slope more infiltration less runoff

25. 2 – Degree of Saturation • Water can not enter the ground if the ground is saturated.

26. saturated soil little infiltration more runoff unsaturated soil more infiltration less runoff

27. 3 – Porosity porosity - the percentage of open space (pores and cracks) in a material compared to its total volume. • High porosity allows more infiltration.

28. diagram; 1 - draw mineral grains. 2 - shade in the minerals. 3 - label the location of a pore space. Pore space

29. POROSITY IS AFFECTED BY...

30. A - shape • rounded particles have the greatest porosity.

31. diagram; flat/angular particles low porosity (runoff) rounded particles high porosity (infiltration)

32. B - packing • closely packed particles will have lower porosity.

33. diagram; tightly packed low porosity (runoff) loosely packed high porosity (infiltration)

34. C – sorting • well sorted particles will all be the same size and they will have a higher porosity than poorly sorted particles. WELL SORTED POORLY SORTED

35. diagram; poorly sorted low porosity (runoff) well sorted high porosity (infiltration)

36. FOR POROSITY….(PARTICLE) SIZE DOES NOT MATTER Large particles Large spaces Few spaces small particles small spaces many spaces

37. 4 – Permeability permeability - the ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through it. impermeable = water can not pass through. • The greater the permeability, the greater the infiltration.

38. diagram; permeable impermeable

39. PERMEABLIITY IS AFFECTED BY...

40. Particle Size; larger particle size = greater permeability. ESRT p.6

41. large pore spaces diagram; Small pore spaces large particles high permeability small particles low permeability

42. Porosity; a porous material may be impermeable if pores are not connected.

43. diagram; gas bubble pore spaces connected porous & permeable pore spaces not connected porous & impermeable

44. c) Packing; tight packing or cementing of particles may seal off pores = lower permeability.

45. DON’T COPY diagram; tightly packed low permeability (runoff) loosely packed high permeability (infiltration)

46. cement diagram; pore spaces filled with cement Non-porous & impermeable pore spaces empty porous & permeable

47. d) Temperature; during the winter, ice may seal off pores.

48. ice diagram; temperature above 32oF water flows = permeable temperature below 32oF water freezes = impermeable

49. 5 – Capillarity (aka. capillary action) • water moves upward against gravity. • capillary action is greatest for small particles. • small particles = small pore spaces = greater capillarity.

50. diagram; large particles large pore spaces less capillarity small particles small pore spaces greater capillarity