Grammar

1. Grammar The Attributive Clause 定语从句

2. 定语从句 概念:修饰主语、宾语、表语(名词或代词)的句子叫做定语从句。 The apple whichis redis mine.(修饰主语) Jane has borrowed the book that was written by Laoshe.(修饰宾语) This is the school where I studied many years before. (修饰表语)

3. 定语从句相关概念: 先行词 被定语从句所修饰的名词、名词词组或代词就叫先行词。如： He is the manwho I want to see． 先行词 关系代词 先行词 Hewho doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a true man． 关系代词

4. 关系词 　　关系词用来连接主从句，在句中充当一定的句子成分（主语／宾语／定语／状语）。关系词的作用有三个：连接主句和从句；指代先行词；在从句中作成分。 引导定语从句的关系词有： 关系代词：who,whom which, that whose 关系副词：when,where, why

5. 定语从句的位置定语从句一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词(先行词)之后。定语从句的位置定语从句一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词(先行词)之后。 e.g. This isthe carwhich he bought last year. I know the man. He spoke just now. I know the man who spoke just now?

6. 关系代词的使用 1.who/whom指人,在从句中分别作主语和宾语 (口语中who也可作宾语,做宾语可省略) A foreigner visited our school yesterday. The foreigner is from Canada.（主语） The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.（主语） 2) This is the boy. You saw the boy just now.(宾语) This is the boy (whom/who) you saw just now.（主语）

7. 2. Which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语可省略 They planted the trees . The trees didn’t need much water.(主语 ) They planted the trees which didn’t need much water.(主语 ) The fish were not fresh. We bought the fish. （宾语） The fish which we bought were not fresh. (宾语)

8. 3. that指人或物， 在从句中做主语或宾语, 作宾语时可以省略。 The house faces south. I’m going to buy the house. (宾语) The house (that) I’m going to buy faces south. (指物,做从句宾语) 2) I don’t know the man. The man came into the room.(主语) I don’t know the man who came into theroom (指人,做从句主语)

9. 4.whose指人或物,在从句中作定语；若指物，也可用of which. 1) Mary is a girl. Her mother is a doctor. 定语 Mary is the girl whose mother is a doctor. (whose指人，做定语) 2) This is a book. Itscover is blue. 定语 This is the book whosecover(the cover of which) is blue. 　（指物，做定语）

10. 只能用that 做关系代词的情况 • 1.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 • 2.当先行词是不定代词时,如:all ,few, little, much, every, something, anything, everything, none 等 • 3. 当人和物合做先行词时 • 4.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right, 等修饰时 • 5.当先行词被 little, few, no, any, much, all, every等修饰时 • 6 .在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中

11. 定语从句关系代词的确定 指人 who/that 作主语 指物 which/that 指人 who/whom/that 作宾语 which/that 指物 指人 whose 作定语 whose/ of which 指物

12. 关系副词的使用 1. When:　修饰的先行词是表示时间的词，　如time, moment, month, day, year等,在定语从句中做时间状语，可以由介词＋关系代词替代。 I still remember the days. We studied together in the days.(时间状语) when/in which I still remember the days_________________westudied together. I will never forget the time. We worked together during the time. (时间状语) when/during which I will never forget the time _______________ we worked together.

13. (which/that) I still remember the days ___________we spent together. I will never forget the time______________ are unforgettable in my lifetime. which/that 如果表示时间的先行词在定语从句中不作时间状语,而是作主语或宾语;定语从句不能由关系副词when引导,而应由关系代词that或which引导.

14. 2. where:　修饰的先行词是表示地点的词，如school, house, place, room, factory等，在定语从句中做地点状语，可以由介词＋关系代词替代。 This is the house. She was born in the house.(地点状语) where/in which This is the house _____________she was born. The school was very large. I fought for my dream in the school.(地点状语) where/in which The school ______________ I fought for my dream was very large.

15. (which/that) This is the house ___________he bought last year. which/that The school _____________ is very large belongs to local government. 如果表示地点的先行词在定语从句中不做地点状语,而是作主语或宾语; 定语从句不能由关系副词 where引导,而应由关系代词that或which引导.

16. 3. why: 修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中做原因状语，可以由介词＋关系代词（for which）替代。 The reason was that he was ill. He left early for the reason.(原因状语) why/for which The reason _____________he left early was that he was ill. The reason was that his mother didn’t allow him to go. He didn’t come for the reason. .(原因状语) why/for which The reason _____________ he didn’t come was that his mother didn’t allow him to go.

17. (that/which) The reason ____________he gave us for being late was acceptable. that/which The reason ____________ was offered by him was unacceptable. 如果先行词reason在定语从句中不作原因状语,而是作主语或宾语. 定语从句不能由关系副词why引导,而应由关系代词that或which引导.

18. 介词+关系代词(which/whom) 在“介词+关系代词”中，先行词指人时只能用whom; 先行词指物时只能用which. This is the boy for whom we have been waiting. The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. The time at which I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult time of my life. Sunday is a holiday on which people do not go to work.

19. “介词＋which/whom”结构中介词的确定 １、根据从句中谓语动词(形容词)的搭配。 on which I spent five $. for which I paid five $. about which Tom often talks. This is the book ２、根据先行词的搭配习惯 the dayon which I joined the party. the years in which I stayed there. I still remember 3、根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系 Is that the newspaperfor whichyou often write articles?

20. 关系代词前有介词，介词前又有形容词最高级,数词,名词或代词关系代词前有介词，介词前又有形容词最高级,数词,名词或代词 在非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用 “数词/代词/名词/形容词最高级+ of + 关系代词” 的结构，如： In our factory there are 800 workers, 40 percent of whom are women. The old man has two sons, both of whomare doctors. The cake, half of whichwas eaten, was bought for Lily’s birthday. She has six children, the cleverest of whomis John.

21. Which和as引导的非限制性定语从句的区别 当先行词指整个主句或主句的一部分时，此类非限 制性定语从句只能由which和as来引导。 which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，可译为 “这一点”; as引导的定语从句可位于主句前、后，可译为 “正如”。 Tom suddenly fell ill, which made us sad. As we expect, we won the game. The Pacific is the largest ocean, as we all know.

22. as 引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中 的事， 而which不受此限制。 As ________ is known to all, he is the best student in our class. The earth is round, ________ we all know. as The result of the experiment was very good, ________ we hadn’t expected. The weather turned out to be very good, ________ was more than we could expect. which which

23. Which和as引导的限制性定语从句的区别 • as 的用法：其通常和such\ the same连用，代指物在 • 从句中做主语或宾语; • which的用法： 关系代词，在从句中做主语或宾语， • 做宾语时通常可以省略.介词提前时不可省略！ This is the same pen as I bought yesterday。 这种笔和我昨天买的笔一样（同样但不是同一个）。 This is the same pen that/which I used yesterday. 这就是昨天我使用的那一支钢笔（指的是同一个）。

24. Are you clear now?OK . Let’s do some exercise!

25. Fill in the blanks with who, whom, whose, which and that. (who/whom/that) 1. The man __________ I saw told me to wait. 2.  The man to _______ I spoke was a foreigner. 3. I know a boy _______ father is an acrobat. (杂技演员) 4. He saw a house ________ windows were all broken. whom whose whose

26. that 5. All the apples ____ fall are eaten by wild boars. 6. Can you think of anyone ____ could look after him? 7. This is the best hotel ____ I know. 8. He _____ doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a real man. that that who

27. 几种易混的情况 when /in which 1.I’ll never forget the days______________ we worked together. 2.I’ll never forget the days _________ we spent together. 3.I went to the place I worked ten years ago. 4.I went to the place __________ I visited ten years ago. 5.This is the reason _____________ he was late. 6.This is the reason ____________ he gave. which 及物动词 where/ in which which 及物动词 why/ for which that/which 及物动词

28. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions: 1. The sun gives us heat and light, ________ which we can’t live. 2. The student ________ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class. 3. I’ll never forget the day _____ which she said good-bye to me. 4. Who can give me the reason ______ which he hasn’t turned up yet? for Can you work them out???????? without about on

29. 5.The man ______________ you shook hands just now is our headmaster. 6.The room __________ my family live used to be a garage. 7. The school ___________ I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. 8. Tell me the reason ___________you were not here yesterday. with whom in which in which for which

30. Homework Do the exercises on page 73-74 of Best English. Do the exercises on page 29 of the Text Book.