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Asia and European Imperialism

Asia and European Imperialism. Ming Foreign Policy. Attitudes toward trade Wanted to be self-sufficient Refused to rely on foreign trade Became the best sailors in the world Built ships called Junks by Europeans The northern frontier Moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing

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Asia and European Imperialism

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  1. Asia and European Imperialism

  2. Ming Foreign Policy • Attitudes toward trade • Wanted to be self-sufficient • Refused to rely on foreign trade • Became the best sailors in the world • Built ships called Junks by Europeans • The northern frontier • Moved capital from Nanjing to Beijing • Strengthened Great Wall of China • Chose frontier defense over trade and sea travel • Confucianism was the official philosophy of govt

  3. Founding the Qing Dynasty • Nurhachi unified tribes into Manchu • Adopted Chinese culture • Study of Philology • Similar to Renaissance study of the classics • Men wore a queue • Long braid symbolizing their submission to China and the Qing • Kept Manchu people separate and distinct from Chinese

  4. Economy, Culture, and Society • Economy • Trade and manufacturing specialization grew • Tea was the main reason the British and Dutch came • Popular culture and society • Novels and plays in everyday language • Available for common man • Family was center of society

  5. Decline of the Qing Dynasty • Population growth • Government inefficiency and increases in taxes • Lead to the White Lotus Rebellion • Group of Buddhist protested • Weakened the Qing Dynasty • Order finally restored in the early 1800’s • More rebellions were to come

  6. The Portuguese • Trade ties with China • Wanted to spread Christianity • Jesuit missionaries helped emperors revise calendar • Gained great power with imperial court • Qing rulers became suspicious • Fearful of Jesuits’ intentions

  7. The British • Free trade ideas • Great Britain abolished British East India Company’s monopoly on trade with China • Opposite of the mercantilistic ideals of the Chinese • The opium trade • Chinese demand for cotton didn’t match British demand for tea • British India exported opium to China • Caused trade imbalance

  8. The British • The Opium War • Chinese tried to forcibly stop opium trade • Treaty of Nanjing • Gave Hong Kong to British rule • Allowed British access to China • More concessions • Unequal treaties with France and United States • Unequal because they were signed under threat of force • Foreign embassies in Beijing • Extraterritoriality • Foreigners being allowed to live in another country under the rules of their home nation

  9. Rebellions • Taiping Rebellion • Christian Uprising • Started by a man named Hong • Claimed to be brother of Jesus • Wanted to start his own dynasty – Taiping • “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” • Caused terrible destruction • Christian and Muslim teachings motivated more revolts

  10. The Boxer Rebellion • Who: China vs. Eight Allied Nations • U.K., U.S., Japan, Italy, France, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary • What: Violent anti-Christian and anti-foreign movement in China • Empress Cixi authorized war on foreign powers • When: 1899-1901 • Where: Northern China • Why: Growing anti-Christian sentiment following Taiping Rebellion; Opposition to foreign imperialism • “Support the Qing, exterminate the foreigners.” • RESULT: Alliance defeated Chinese • Plundered capital • Executed everyone suspected of being a Boxer • China was humiliated

  11. Founding the Tokugawa Shogunate • Tokugawa rule • Combination of feudalism and central monarchy • ToyotomiHideyoshi • Attempted to conquer Korea • Tokugawa Ieyasa • Crushed rivals

  12. Foreign Contact • The Portuguese in Japan • Christian missionaries • Jesuits • Closing the country • Saw Christianity and Western technology as threats to Tokugawa rule and to Japanese traditions and values • Samurai felt that the musket devalued Samurai training • Japan angered many Euro nations by closing their ports during storms

  13. Life in Tokugawa Japan • Social classes • Confucian ideal • Class was determined by birth • The warrior class in Japan replace the scholar class in China • This placed the Samurai at the top of the class system • Change and culture • Internal trade expanded • Artisans and merchants prospered • New forms of art, literature, theater

  14. The End of Japan’s Isolation • Matthew Perry • Sent by President Fillmore of the United States to negotiate a treaty for safe trade with Japan • After a year the Japanese agreed • Treaty of Kanagawa • Similar treaties with Great Britain, Netherlands, Russia

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