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Explore how Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state, drawing similarities to Mussolini's efforts in Italy. Learn about Hitler and the rise of Nazi Germany, analyzing their political, social, economic, and cultural policies.
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Warm-Up • Explain how Stalin transformed • the Soviet Union into a • Totalitarian State. • Describe similarities to Mussolini’s efforts in Italy.
Chapter 16 - The Rise of TotalitarianismSection 5: Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany • Objectives: • Analyze the problems faced by the Weimar Republic. • Describe the Nazi party’s political, social, economic, and cultural policies. • Summarize the rise of authoritarian rule in Eastern Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. How did Hitler and the Nazi party establish and maintain a totalitarian government in Germany?
Terms and People • Chancellor– prime minister • Ruhr Valley– a coal-rich valley where German workers protested French occupation • Third Reich– official name of the Nazi party for its regime in Germany; held power from 1933 to 1945 • Gestapo– Hitler’s secret police • Nuremberg Laws– laws designed by Hitler to deprive Jews of German citizenship by placing severe restrictions on them
Moderate German leaders created the Weimar Republic, a democratic government, in 1919. The Weimar Republic had: • A chancellor, or prime minister • A constitution • A parliamentary system • A bill of rights • A provision allowing women to vote
Conservatives attacked the government as too liberal. The Weimar government came under wide attack. Communists demanded radical changes. Germans of all classes hated the Versailles treaty, which the Weimar government had signed. The German people looked for scapegoats for their troubles. Many blamed German Jews.
In 1923, economic disaster fed the unrest. • Germany fell behind in reparation payments, so France occupied the Ruhr Valley. • When workers in the Ruhr refused to work, the German government continued to pay them by printing huge quantities of money. • Inflation spiraled out of control and the German mark became worthless. • Many middle-class families saw their savings wiped out.
With help from Western powers, Germany began to recover. But in 1929, the Great Depression hit. • Germans turned to Adolf Hitler, an energetic nationalist who promised to end the economic crisis and restore German greatness. • Born in Austria, Hitler had fought in the German army in World War I. • By 1919, he was leader of the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi, party and worked against the Weimar government.
While in prison in for a failed attempt to seize power, Hitler wrote Mein Kampfin 1923. Mein Kampf (pronounced[maɪ̯n kampf], "My Struggle" is an autobiography by the National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler, in which he outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.
Hitler urged Germans everywhere to unite into one great nation under his leadership. • At the beginning of the Great Depression the Nazi party grew to almost a million. • Hitler promised to create jobs, end reparations, and defy the Versailles treaty by rearming Germany.
Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933, and within a year he was dictator of Germany. He demanded unquestioning obedience. Hitler planned a Third Reichthat would dominate Europe for a thousand years. To achieve his goals, he organized an efficient but brutal totalitarian rule enforced by the Gestapo.
In 1935, he set out to deprive Jews of German citizenship through the Nuremberg Laws. • Could not marry non-Jews • Could not attend or teach school • Were banned from government jobs • Were banned from practicing law or medicine • Could not publish books The Nuremberg Laws restricted Jewish life in Germany. Jews: Many German Jews fled, seeking refuge in other countries.
On November 9 and 10, 1938, Hitler used a minor incident as an excuse to stage an attack on all Jews. • On the night known as Kristallnacht – “The Night of Broken Glass”, Jewish communities were attacked all over Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. • Hitler and his henchmen began making plans for a “Final Solution” in which all Jews would be exterminated.
Outside a Berlin store a sign is posted: "Deutsche! Wehrt Euch! Kauft nicht bei Juden!" ("Germans! Defend yourselves! Do not buy from Jews!").
The Nazis indoctrinated young people with their ideology. • Children joined the “Hitler Youth.” They pledged absolute loyalty to Germany and vowed to destroy its enemies. • School courses and textbooks were rewritten to reflect Nazi racial views.
Hitler and the Nazis also sought to “purify” German culture. • They condemned jazz and modern art. • They sought to replace Christianity with Hitler’s racial creed. • They glorified German myths. • They closed Catholic schools and limited clergy.
Like Germany, new nations in Eastern Europe also moved from democracy to authoritarian rule. • Countries such as Poland and Hungary lacked the capital to develop industry. • No Eastern European country had much experience with the democratic process. • Ethnic rivalries created severe tensions. During the Great Depression, right-wing dictators emerged in every Eastern European country except Czechoslovakia and Finland.
How did Hitler and the Nazi party establish and maintain a totalitarian government in Germany? After World War I ended, the German government crumbled under the threat of a socialist revolution. Moderate leaders created a democratic government that was unable to manage Germany’s problems. Hitler and his Nazi party rose to power. https://youtu.be/a2YEUhHFMHY 4 minutes
The Century: America’s Time: 1936-1941: Over the Edge Video: https://youtu.be/EWg2xghlbnc Published on Dec 29, 2013 Part five of a 15-part series of documentaries produced by the American Broadcasting Company on the 20th century and the rise of the United States as a superpower.This episode documents the years that led up to the beginning of World War II. The rise of Hitler, the burning of books to Kristallnacht, this episode examines the anti-Semitism that eventually dominated German thinking. It also analyses the new ways in which leaders were able to use the technology of the twentieth century, such as the media for propaganda purposes and offers a domestic view to the European conflict, and how and where Americans received their information.
