Steps Towards Sustainable Mobility Toyota | Lexus Hybrids

1. Steps Towards Sustainable MobilityToyota | Lexus Hybrids Paul M. WilliamsenLexus Division,Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc.April 23, 2008

2. Sustainable Mobility – Overview • A system approach Sustainable Mobility Products(vehicles) Energy to power the vehicle Environment in which the product lives & operates Partnerships required to bring these products to market(Infrastructure)

3. Energy Trends Macro Issues2007-2008

4. Issues Driving Change in Business Global development of industry & technologyin the 21st century 1. Energy & Fuel Diversification Accelerated consumption of fossil fuels 2. CO2 reduction Populationgrowth 3. Air Quality Industrialexpansion 4. Urban Congestion Increasing personal mobility The “Big 4”: affect the entire auto & truck industry.

5. Eight-fold increase in a single generation OPEC Former Soviet Union World Oil Production BP “Statistical Review of World Energy”, 2005

6. Energy Diversification Institute of Energy Economics (Japan), 2007

7. Auto Sector Energy Use CO2Well-to-WheelLife-Cycle Assessment

8. Sources of of CO2 Emissions • **excludes animal husbandry**

9. Well-to-Wheel CO2 Emissions

10. Life Cycle Assessment

11. Life Cycle Assessment & Environmental Quality

12. Life Cycle Assessment & Environmental Quality

13. ** Prius Life Cycle Assessment ** Gasoline vehicle = PZEV Camry = cleanest non-hybrid vehicle

14. Solutions—Toyota’s Approach Long-term investment in fundamental technologiesBalance reduction of environmental impact withMeeting consumer wantsMass market appealLife Cycle Assessment

15. Prius Development & Progress

16. Prius Development & Progress

17. Prius Development & Progress

18. New Technologies? • Most customers are unwilling to accept compromises for the sake of new technology • New automotive technologies must be: • Transparent to the user • Reliable and durable as present vehicles • Offer consistent performance • Offer benefits to most users • Detriments to few.

19. New Technologies • New automotive technologies at Toyota & Lexus: • Gasoline Direct Injection (D-4) • Clean Diesel (D-CAT) • Bio-Fuels (E10-E15; E100) • LPG / CNG • Gas-To-Liquid (Fischer-Tropsch diesel) • H2 (FCHV) • PHEVs

20. Hybrid Basics What is a Hybrid?How do hybrids work?Efficiency opportunitiesPlug-in Hybrid Vehicles

21. What Is a Hybrid? • Uses energy in two forms …

22. Power Split Device Motor Generator (MG2) Motor Generator 1 (MG1) Toyota | Lexus Hybrid Drive Power Inverter Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid Electronic Control Unit (Hybrid ECU) High-Voltage Hybrid Battery

23. Power Split Generator (MG1) Engine Motor (MG2) Sun Gear(Generator) Pinion Gear Ring Gear(Motor) Planetary Carrier (Engine) Planetary Gearset

24. Energy Use • Energy Consumed in Driving Cycle + Engine Output Energy Full Acceleration Normal Driving Stop Launch Braking

25. HV Battery Launch Efficiency Opportunities • Hybrid Vehicle Efficiency Adds MorePower + consumed Electrical Energy Surplus PowerStorage Braking Energy Recovery Engine Output Energy Full Acceleration Normal Driving – (saved) Stop Braking

26. Conventional brakes use mechanical friction to slow the vehicle. • Kinetic energy is lost as heat. • Regenerative braking uses the motor as a generator to slow the vehicle. • Kinetic energy of the decelerating vehicle is recovered into a battery. • Regenerative braking uses the motor as a generator to slow the vehicle. Kinetic energy of the decelerating vehicle is recovered into the hybrid battery. Regenerative Braking

27. Regenerative Braking

28. State of Charge (SOC) • SOC determines charge acceptance rate

29. Motor Control Circuit

30. Electronically Controlled Braking Toyota Hybrid System

31. Plug-ins Defined • A Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid gasoline-electric vehicle, • with greater battery capacity • (than a “regular” hybrid), • in which the battery can be directly charged from an external power source • “Plugged in,” vs. passive charging from the engine • May have the capability of driving in electric-only mode. • Also called “Grid-connected hybrid” • often refers to the vehicle providing power back to the grid

32. Industry Overview Aren’t all hybrids the same?How long do they last?What’s the next new technology?

33. Comparison of Hybrid Systems Hybrid System Characteristics¹ Menahem Anderman, Ph.D., "Advanced Automotive Battery Industry Report" (2007).

34. FCHV Electric (FC as EVrangeextender) 0% Electric 100% Electric Grid-Connected Prius GM HV Prius TraditionalICE HondaHV FCHV PHEV (ICE as EVrange extender) BatteryElectric Vehicle (“BEV”) Relative Level of Hybridization • There are many variations on the hybrid concept • Different battery sizes • Degree of ICE involvement varies

35. FCHV Electric (FC as EVrangeextender) 0% Electric 100% Electric Grid-Connected Prius GM HV Prius TraditionalICE HondaHV FCHV PHEV (ICE as EVrange extender) BatteryElectric Vehicle (“BEV”) Types of Plug-in Hybrids • There are many variations on the PHEV idea • Different battery sizes • Degree of ICE involvement • All-Electric Range (AER) vs. Blended Strategy

36. Plug-in Hybrid Concept • AER • - Volt • Hy-Series • - Prius • Conversions

37. More Relevant PHEV Approach • AER • - Volt • Hy-Series • - Prius • Conversions Blended - Best future solution

38. Powertrain Comparison PHEV How do PHEVs fit in? EV FC Diesel Gasoline HV Energy Diversity ++ ++ ~ △ ~ △ + ~ – CO2 ~ + Primary Issues + ○ ++ ◎ ++ ◎ Emissions △ + ~ + ○ ++ ◎ ++ ◎ Single Fill + ○ – ○ + ○ ++ ◎ Range Infrastructure - - – others + ○ + ○ + ○ ?? Fuel cost △ △ + ○ ◎ ◎

39. Plug-ins changethe source of the emissions • Unless the electricity used to charge the battery comes from a clean, renewable source (wind, solar, nuclear) … • plug-ins trade tailpipe emissions for emissions from the power plant.

40. CO2 Reduction Prius EquivalentVehicle ＬＡ＃４ China U.S. 1.0 Well to Wheel CO2 Emissions （Prius＝１） Japan 0.5 France 0.0 Prius Plug-in • When electricity is generated from low-carbon sources,the CO2 emissions of a PHV can be lower than an HV Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles offer a minimal advantage over the best hybrids, given the mix of power sources in the US. The advantage of PHVs is greatest in France, where nuclear power generationis common. There would be a significant disadvantage to PHVs in China, which mainly burns coal for power generation.

41. Comparison of PHEVs and HEV • Recovery • Transport • Processing • Transport • Storage

42. MY04 Prius batterypack cargospace Plug-in Prius? Battery Pack Size v. Cargo Space MY98 v. MY01 Prius

43. PHEV Marketability Issues Batteries for EV drive range current Prius battery Currently, the large increase in battery loadmeans there is no commercial potential. To provide 60km (40 mi) of electric drive range would require about 12 times the battery capacity of the current Prius.

44. High-power plug for EV Charging • Two charging types: “Slow” • Low charge rate (~ 1 kW/hr = overnight) • for home • e.g. e-Com “Fast” • High charge rate (~5.7 kW/hr = several hours) • for office/industrial/parking garage (but not retail service stations) • e.g. RAV4-EV Available Voltage Japan : 100V/200V Europe : 220V US : 120V/240V

45. Battery Life vs. Charge Cycle

46. Increasing  Li Ion Battery Technology – Development and Testing Most “advanced” Li-Ion batteries Single Cell Full Packs Real World Modules • Limited “real world” knowledge in vehicle applications: • Toyota has experience with mild-hybrid “start-stop” Vitz • Limited number of conversions & specialty vehicles • Must gain experience with Li-Ion technology in HEV before PHEV • Key issues to be resolved • Safety & thermal runaway • Durability (life of vehicle) & reliability (≥ NiMH) • Cost • End-of-life recycling

47. Technology of Choice? “Today it requires removal of the spare tire for a 5kw (160 lb) battery range extender module … at a projected (wholesale) cost of $12,500 or more to modify a hybrid Prius into a PHEV.” 1 “Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles can achieve as much as 70 mpg … with up to 50 km (33 mi) EV range.2 “The mass market will not pay $10,000 or $15,000 over the cost of an already pricey hybrid for the privilege of driving on battery power.”3 • Clean Transportation, San Diego Gas & Electric - http://www.sdge.com/cleantransportation (2007). • Google.org PHEV demonstration project –http://www.RechargeIT.org (2007). • 3. Green Car Journal , Ron Cogan, ed. (Summer 2007).

48. State of Battery Technology • Senate Testimony of Dr. M. Anderman – Jan. 26, 2007 • President of Advanced Automotive Batteries “It is our opinion that wide–spread commercialization of plug-in hybrids with the range of 20 miles or more is only possible if there is notable improvement in battery performance, proven battery longevity, and reliability in well-designed lab and field tests … along with a significant reduction in battery cost.” “It is also our opinion that as far as electric drive technology is concerned, HEV technology is the only one mature enough for its market growth to have an impact on the nation’s energy usage in the next 10 years.” see Menahem Anderman, Ph.D., “Advanced Automotive Battery Industry Report” (April 2007)

49. For Commercialization, PHEVs need . . . • Significant battery development • An official test cycle for economy & emissions • - Industry, Government, & Regulatory consensus • Standardized and available infrastructure • Govt and Industry support

50. Previous Urban Mobility Projects Toyota e-com shared-use ‘community’ EVsfor TMC employees Crayon Systempay-as-you-go public EV rentals