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Prokaryote Microorganisms

Prokaryote Microorganisms. 11.0 Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure, method of fertilization and reproduction, body symmetry, body coverings, and locomotion. Examples: skeletal structure -—vertebrates, invertebrates; fertilization—- external, internal;

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Prokaryote Microorganisms

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  1. Prokaryote Microorganisms 11.0 Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure, method of fertilization and reproduction, body symmetry, body coverings, and locomotion. Examples: skeletal structure -—vertebrates, invertebrates; fertilization—- external, internal; reproduction -—sexual, asexual; body symmetry—- bilateral, radial, asymmetrical; body coverings—- feathers, scales, fur; locomotion—- cilia, flagella, pseudopodia

  2. Prokaryotes: • What is a prokaryote? • Lack a nucleus • Unicellular • What 2 Kingdoms would include prokaryotes? • What 2 Domains would include prokaryotes? • Recall that under the 5 Kingdom Classification System, ALL prokaryotes were included in one kingdom – Monera.

  3. Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria) • Found almost everywhere • Usually surrounded by a cell wall that protects it and determines its shape. • Cell walls contain peptidoglycan • _________________ surrounds the cytoplasm inside the cell wall. Source: http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id6.html

  4. Archaebacteria (Domain: ??) • Lack peptidoglycan in the cell wall • Have membrane lipids not found in other organisms • Can be found in extreme environments • DNA sequences of key genes are more like those of eukaryotes than eubacteria

  5. Identification of Prokaryotes: • Shape: • Bacilli – rod-shaped • Cocci – spherical • Spirilla - spiral and corkscrew-shaped • Cell walls – Gram staining • Violet (primary) stain stains the peptidoglycan • Alcohol wash will rinse the stain from thin-membraned organisms (Gram -), but not from thick-walled (Gram +). • Red (counterstain) will make Gram - organisms look pink or light red. • Movement – no movement, flagella, snakelike movements, or gliding along secreted slime.

  6. Source:http://mrwrightsclass.net/projects/period4/paige_maria_andreas/EUBACTERIA/eubacteria.html

  7. Metabolic Diversity • Heterotrophs: • Chemoheterotrophs – use organic (carbon-based) compounds for energy • Photoheterotrophs – use light for energy, but also need organic compounds for carbon • Autotrophs: • Photoautotrophs– use _______ to convert ____ and _____ to ________ and ________. • One type of photoautotroph is cyanobacteria, which contain a bluish pigment and chlorophyll . • Chemoautotrophs: • make organic molecules from CO2, but without light • Use energy from chemical reactions occurring around them

  8. Growth & Reproduction • Binary fission – a bacterium doubles in size, duplicates its DNA, and divides in half. • Conjugation – the exchange of DNA across a hollow bridge formed by intertwined pili. • Spore formation – under adverse conditions, some organisms can form a thick internal wall around its DNA until conditions are more favorable. • Summary: some sexual, some asexual methods

  9. Why Are Bacteria Important? • Decomposers • Nitrogen fixers for plants • Human uses: • Foods and beverages • Clean up oil spills • Synthesize drugs and chemicals • Help us digest foods

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