GRPE – 1 st informal meeting EFV WG (Geneva, 6 June 2008)

1. Working paper No. EFV-01-06 (GRPE Informal Group on EFV, 1st meeting, 6 June 2008) Possible approach to a concept for an Environmentally Friendly Vehicle (EFV) (Brainstorm) GRPE – 1st informal meeting EFV WG (Geneva, 6 June 2008) Gerben Passier (TNO) TNO Science & Industry

2. Background • Many approaches, ideas, technologies to solve • Climate change • Energy efficiency • How can policy makers decide what to support? • Problem: how to compare objectively impact on environment? TNO Science & Industry

3. Objectives Review the feasibility of EFV concept: Globally harmonised method for evaluating environmentatlly friendliness of a vehicle • Propose scope and parameters for EFV concept • Proposal plan for literature study Focus on energy efficiency and CO2 emissions based on well-to-wheel approach Feasibility question: aim also to set a standard and certify (like EEV for HD)? TNO Science & Industry

4. Biofuels 2e gen. Gas Hydrogen 5-10% Eco-Driving Travel information Environmental traffic management 5~10% 5~10% 10-20% 10~15% Advanced engines Transmission Hybride  electric Weight reduction Tyres Aerodynamics Air Conditioning 10~20% Scope and parameters: Efficiënt, Clean, Smart • Focus on Efficient vehicle technology Alternative fuels Vehicle technology ICT in mobility / behaviour Powertrain Other TNO Science & Industry

5. Scope and parameters • Focus on passenger cars first? • Pollutant emissions not considered (but minimum standard Euro6 or stricter)? • Consider real world? • Technology neutral (!) TNO Science & Industry

6. Relation Energy efficiency and CO2 CO2 emissions • Need to include both: EFV = EE + CO2 low Hydrogen? Biofuels? Ideal? PHEV? Electric? ICE (G & D) ? high Energy Efficiency low high TNO Science & Industry

7. For assessment of EFV (CO2 & energy), the whole chain is important (Well-to-wheel analysis) • Production fuel (WTT) and use in vehicle (TTW) now • Development, production & disposal of the vehicle in the future EFV = WTT + TTW TNO Science & Industry

8. Combine CO2 and Energy efficiency (1) • EFV = EE (WTT) + EE (TTW) + CO2 (WTT) + CO2 (TTW) • Powertrain efficiency • Fuel type • Fuel production Assume: Depend mainly on fuel type Little variation per fuel type ?? Difficult to compare vehicles with different type of fuel (eg electric with gasoline) • Seperate : EE (TTW) car manufacturers & CO2 (WTT) fuel industry TNO Science & Industry

9. Combine CO2 and Energy efficiency (2) • To weight importance of CO2 versus Energy efficiency: • Normalise! Standard based on: • Average • Minimum • Best in class CO2 [g/kWh] EE [%] • EFV = (WTT) + (TTW) standard CO2 [g/kWh] standard EE [%] TNO Science & Industry

10. Seperate fuel & vehicle characteristics Fuel (carbon content) • Further investigation of definitions is needed • Importance of default values better H2? Elec.? E85 E10 E0 Flexibility for choice of technology Vehicle (Energy efficiency) current worse EFV1 EFV2 treshhold worse better TNO Science & Industry

11. Literature study (technology and regulations) State of the art of EFV technology • Biofuels • Plug-in hybrids • Electric • Hydrogen • … Successful (worldwide) concept & regulation • Euro norms • PC CO2 • Frontrunner; EEV • Procurement • Fiscal measures TNO Science & Industry

12. Thank you ! 12 TNO Science & Industry