Chaptering through 24 and 25

1. Chaptering through 24 and 25 1. Participles: Forms, Tenses, and Uses 2. Ablative Absolute 3. New Verbs: eō (to go) and ferō (to carry)

2. Definitions • A Participle is: • A Verbal Adjective! As such, they MODIFY NOUNS! … So, a participle will naturally combine some of the characteristics of verbs and nouns … And, just as other adjectives, can sometimes stand in for nouns

3. Participles in English We use participles in English all the time: The runningman goes to the store in a hurry. The movedbooks were lost. Participles in English are often formed by adding suffixes to verb stems: -ingfor Present Active Participles, -edfor Past Passive Participles

4. Participles in Latin • Now, in Latin things are (as always!) more precise: • Participles will have these characteristics of adjectives: • AGREEMENT IN CASE, NUMBER, ANDGENDERWITH THEIR MODIFIED NOUN • Participles will have these characteristics of verbs: • TENSE, VOICE, and theABILITY TO HAVE A DIRECT OBJECT

5. Types of Participles in Latin Latin only has three possible forms of the participle: 1) The present active (The running man) 2) The perfect passive (the moved books) 3) The future active (the about-to-run man)

6. Which forms are already familiar to you? Forms of the Latin Participles

7. Forming Present Participles • To form a present participle: • 1) Take the present stem: • 1st, 2nd, and 3rd: amā-, monē-, docē- • 3rd –iō and 4th: rapiē-, audiē- • 2) Add the noun endings –ns, -ntis, … Note that this suffix –ns, -ntiscan never be added to a 3rd -iō or 4th conjugation verb root without the insertion of -e-!!!

8. Present Active Participles Present active participles look and decline like 3rd declension adjectives, so you already pretty much know the forms!

9. For the ablative forms, the ending in –īis used when simply modifying a noun • Example: āvirōrogantī (“from the asking man”) • The ending in –e is used, on the other hand, if the participle has an object or stands alone as a noun • Example: āvirōrogantepacem (“from the man asking for peace”) • Example: ārogante (“from the asking [man]) • Deponent verbs can have these participles too! • Examples: sequēns, cōnantem, loquentibus Notes on Present Actives!

10. Forming Perfect Passive Participles • Guess what?! YOU ALREADY KNOW THEM!! • At least for the verbs you’ve memorized! • BECAUSE… • THE PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE IS THE 4th PRINCIPLE PART!!! • And… They decline like 1st and 2nd Declension adjectives (-us, -a, -um)

11. Perfect Passive Participles

12. Did you know?: the 4th Principle Part is technically termed “the Participial Stem” Forming Future Active Participles • These are already familiar to you as part of Future Active Infinitives • To form them: • 1) Take the 4th principle part of your verb • 2) Drop off the –us or –um ending • 3) Add -ūr- • 4) Slap an -us, -a, -um, withany case ending back on there! • Example: Say you want an accusative, singular, feminine form from rapiō: • Raptus Rapt-  Raptūr-  Raptūram

13. Tenses of Participles • Participles have three possible tenses: present, perfect (past), and future • Like infinitives in INDIRECT DISCOURSE, participles show TIME RELATIVE TO THE MAIN VERB Main Verb Before------------------------Contemporary-----------------------------After Participle PerfectPresentFuture

14. Some Examples • Exercitumproficīscentemhortātus est. • “He encouraged the departing army”  The ENCOURAGING happensAT THE SAME TIMEas theDEPARTING • RomameōsventūrōsCicerōvīdit. • “Cicero saw those guys about to come to Rome” The SEEING happens BEFORE the COMING TO ROME • Caesar hostibusvictīsnōnpārēbat. • “Caesar was not obeying his conquered enemies.”  The CONQUERING happened BEFORE the NOT OBEYING

15. Uses of Participles • Participles are FAR MORE VERSATILE in Latin than in English • 1. A use you know: Compound perfect passive tenses and certain infinitives • Ego amātus sum a fīliō; dictūrusesse; dictum esse • 2. Adjectival • Captamurbem (“the captured city”); Fēminasciēns (“a thinking woman”)

16. But … • More often participles convey more specific kinds of information: • For Example, depending on the context the sentence: • Hannibal omnēsvincēnsItaliāpotitur Can mean: … has control of Italy.

17. More possibilities … • For the sentence • Cicero victusgaudēbat. Could mean … Cicero was rejoicing.

18. So … • Youwill often have to do some “detective work” and test different translations before choosing one (for example, in the last sentence “Because he was conquered, Cicero was rejoicing” can probably be excluded!) • When you see a participle, your translation-toolkit should include words like … Although, even though, when, while, after, as long as, and because; don’t forget that you can translate them as relative clauses too! • Sometimes you can even translate a participial phrase as its own clause • For example: Rōma condita hominibuscarēbat= Rome was founded and was in need of people.

19. It’s called “absolute” because it is independent from the rest of a sentence’s syntax! (ab + solvēre= “to be released”) Ablative Absolute • A useful and common construction with participles is called “The Ablative Absolute” • These take the place of subordinate clauses to express • 1) Time (When, after, while, etc.) • 2) Cause (Because) • 3) Concession (Although, even though) • 4)Condition (if) • The components: A noun (or pronoun) in the ablative and participle in the ablative

20. Ablative Absolutes An example: To say, “Caesar dismissed the soldiers after saying these things”, all you know how to do now is: Postquamhaecdīxit, Caesar mīlitēsdīmīsit. Watch how that subordinate clause disappears when the ablative absolute jumps in: Caesar, hīsdictīs, mīlitēsdīmīsit. A literal translation would be: “Caesar, with these things having been said, dismissed the soldiers” Notice how the Latin literally says “with these things having been said”, because dictīs is a perfect passive participle  The CONTEXT makes it clear that Caesar did the talking

21. A good way to start translating an ablative absolute is to follow these formulas: 1) “With x having (verb)-ed …” or 2) “With x being (verb) …” More examples • 1) Cause: “Because Rome was captured, the Romans are not rejoicing” • Subordinate clause: QuiaRōmacaptaest, Rōmānīnōngaudent. • Ablative absolute: RōmācaptāRōmānīnōngaudent. • 2) Condition: “If Hercules comes, we are saved.” • Subordinate clause: Sī Hercules venit, conservāmur. • Ablative Absolute: Herculevenienteconservāmur. Note that, just like all other participles, the tense of ablative absolutes is defined by that of the main verb!

22. Finally on Ablative Absolutes … • There is NO PARTICIPLE for the verb “to be”, SO… An ablative absolute will look like this: Imperātōrebonō, cīvitāsest bona. “With the Emperor (being) good, the state is good” or, a better translation “When the Emperor is good, the state is good”

23. Irregular Verb: “to go” Infinitives Present: īre Perfect: īsse Future: itūrusesse Participles Present: iēns, euntis Future: itūrus, -a, -um Imperatives 2ndsg.: ī 2nd pl.: īte

24. Compounds of eō • There are many compounds of īre: • adeō • exeō • ineō • redeō • subeō • trānseō Try to translate a few …

25. Irregular Verb: ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus“to carry, bear” Imperatives 2ndsg.: fer 2nd pl.: ferte Participles Present: ferēns, ferentis Perfect Pass.: lātus, -a, -um Future: lātūrus, -a, -um Infinitives Present: ferre(act.); ferrī (pass.) Perfect: tulisse (act.); lātusesse (pass.) Future: latūrusesse

26. More on ferō • The entire perfect system of ferō is active and built off of the 3rd principle part, tulī • Compounds of ferō are abundant. Some examples: • Auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātus • Cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, collātus • Īnferō, īnferre, intulī, illātus • Offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātus • Referō, referre, rettulī, relātus What patterns do you see? Can you define any of these?