REDUCING THE RISK OF THROMBOSIS AND EMBOLISM DURING PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM

1. REDUCING THE RISK OF THROMBOSIS AND EMBOLISM DURINGPREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM • Dr noorzadeh fellowship perinatology

2. All women should undergo a documented assessment of risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE)in early pregnancy or before pregnancy. • This assessment should be repeated if the woman is admitted to hospital for any reason or develops other intercurrent problems.

3. Antenatal assessment and management

4. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in pregnancy

6. Previous VTE

7. unprovoked VTE • estrogen-provoked (estrogen-containing contraception or pregnancy) VTE • thrombophilia (heritable or acquired) or family history-associated VTE • temporary risk factor (e.g. major trauma or surgery).

8. Recurrent VTE • Women should be counselled about the risks of warfarin to the fetus and advised to stop warfarin and change to LMWH as soon as pregnancy is confirmed, ideally within two weeks of the missed period and before the sixth week of pregnancy. Women not on warfarin should be advised to start LMWH as soon as they have a positive pregnancy test.

10. Single previous VTE • should be offered antenatal thromboprophylaxis with LMWH: • Women with previous unprovoked • estrogen or pregnancy-related VTE • a previous VTE and a history of VTE in a first-degree relative (or a documented thrombophilia) • other risk factors.

11. Women with a previous single provoked (excluding estrogen-related) VTE and no other risk factors require close surveillance; antenatal LMWH is not routinely recommended.

13. thromboprophylaxis in women with previous VTE and/or thrombophilia

14. ● Very high risk • Women with recurrent VTE associated with either antithrombin deficiency or the antiphospholipid syndrome (who will often be on long-term oral anticoagulation) • higher-dose LMWH (either high prophylactic (12-hourly) or weight-adjusted (75% of treatment dose) antenatally and for 6 weeks postpartum or until converted back to warfarin after delivery.

15. ● High risk • Women in whom the original VTE was unprovoked idiopathic related to estrogen who have other risk factors a family history of VTE in a first-degree relative a documented thrombophilia These women require thromboprophylaxis with LMWH antenatally and for 6 weeks postpartum.

16. ● Intermediate risk • Women in whom the original VTE was provoked by a transient major risk factor that is no longer present and who have no other risk factors. • In these women, thromboprophylaxis with LMWH can be withheld antenatally, provided that no additional risk factors are present (in which case they should be offered LMWH). • They require close surveillance for the development of other risk factors. • They should be offered thromboprophylaxis with LMWH for 6 weeks postpartum.

18. thromboprophylaxis in women with previous venous thromboembolism(VTE) and/or thrombophilia

19. thrombophilia • in women with antithrombin deficiency or more than one thrombophilic defect (including homozygous factor V Leiden, homozygous prothrombin G20210A and compound heterozygotes) or those with additional risk factors where advice of a local expert should be sought and antenatal prophylaxis considered.

20. thrombophilia • Women with asymptomatic inherited thrombophilia without other risk factors may be managed with close surveillance antenatally but should be considered for LMWH for at least 7 days postpartum.

23. Antiphospholipid syndrome • Women with previous thromboses and antiphospholipid syndrome should be offered both antenatal and 6 weeks of postpartum thromboprophylaxis..

24. Women with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies with no previous VTE and no other risk factors or fetal indications for LMWH may be managed with close surveillance antenatally but should be considered for LMWH for 7 days postpartum 6 weeks

26. Timing of initiation of thromboprophylaxis: • Antenatal thromboprophylaxis should begin as early in pregnancy as practical

27. Antenatal assessment

28. Antenatal assessment

29. Lower risk • Any woman with three or more current or persisting risk factors should be considered for prophylactic LMWH antenatally and will usually require prophylactic LMWH for 6 weeks postnatally; a postnatal risk reassessment should be made. • < 3 risk factors: Mobilisation and avoidance of dehydration

30. Any woman with two or more current or persisting risk factors should be considered for prophylactic LMWH for at least 7 days postpartum.

31. Thromboprophylaxis during labour and delivery

32. Women receiving either therapeutic or prophylactic anticoagulation should be converted from LMWH to the shorter half-life UFH in the last month of pregnancy or sooner if delivery appears imminent.

33. Women receiving antenatal LMWH should be advised that if they have any vaginal bleeding or once labour begins, they should not inject any further LMWH.

34. American College of Chest Physicians • women scheduled for a planned delivery who are receiving twice-daily adjusted-dose subcutaneous UFH or LMWH discontinue their heparin 24 hours before labor induction or cesarean delivery. Patients receiving once-daily LMWH should take only 50 percent of their normal dose on the morning of the day before delivery

35. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists • advises that adjusted-dose subcutaneous LMWH or UFH can be discontinued 24 to 36 hours before an induction of labor or scheduled cesarean delivery.

36. RCOG • For delivery by elective caesarean section in women receiving antenatal LMWH, the woman should receive a thromboprophylactic dose of LMWH on the day before delivery. • On the day of delivery, any morning dose should be omitted and the operation should be performed that morning.

37. Reversal of heparin with protamine sulfate is rarely required and is not indicated with a prophylactic dose of heparin . • For women in whom anticoagulation therapy has temporarily been discontinued, pneumatic compression devices are recommended (ACOG, 2011)

39. توصیه می شود برای زنان بارداری که داروی LMWH(دوز Adjusted ) دریافت می کنند حداقل 24 ساعت قبل از زمان پیش بینی شده برای ختم بارداری (سزارین با آنستزی اپیدورال یا اسپاینال، القای زایمان، شروع دردهای زودرس زایمان و...) دارو قطع شود. بدیهی است القای زایمان و همچنین انجام سزارین باید در شرایط کلینیکی مناسب انجام شود.

40. There is an increased risk of wound haematoma following caesarean section with both unfractionated heparin and LMWH of around 2%.

41. In the exceptional situation of a pregnant woman who has had a VTE within the past 2 to 4 weeks, peripartum use of intravenous UH during the latent stage of labour may be necessary.

42. postenatal assessment And management

43. Postnatal assessment and management

44. Thromboprophylaxis should be continued for 6 weeks in women at high risk of postpartum VTE and for 1 week in women with intermediate risk.

48. The first thromboprophylactic dose of LMWH should be given as soon as possible after delivery provided that there is no postpartum haemorrhage or there has been regional analgesia.

49. Restarting UFH or LMWH no sooner than 4 to 6 hours after vaginal delivery or 6 to 12 hours after cesarean delivery. • It is our practice, however, to wait at least 24 hours if there are significant lacerations or following a major surgical procedure.

50. All women with class-3 obesity (BMI greater than 40 kg/m2) should be considered for prophylactic LMWH for 7 days after delivery.