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Minerals vs. Rocks

Uncover the differences between common silicate and non-silicate minerals, rock types, and the Earth's interior with this comprehensive guide. Learn about diverse geological principles, plate tectonics, rock cycles, and population impacts on the environment. Dive into the fascinating world of minerals, rocks, and the forces that shape our planet.

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Minerals vs. Rocks

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  1. Minerals vs. Rocks Common silicate minerals: Olivine- independent tetrahedra joined by Fe or Mg Pyroxene- single chains of linked tetrahedra Amphibole- double chains of linked tetrahedra Micas and Clays- 2-D sheets of linked tetrahedra Quartz- 3-D framework of fully polymerized tetrahedra Feldspar- also a 3-D framework, but Al, Na, Ca, or K can substitute

  2. Minerals vs. Rocks Common non-silicate minerals: Calcite- CaCO3 a carbonate Dolomite- CaMg(CO3)2 Apatite- Calcium phosphate (PO4) Halite- NaCl Gypsum- hydrated CaSO4

  3. Rock Types • Igneous

  4. Rock Types • Igneous Polished slab of granite 10 cm across Thin section of basalt 4 mm across

  5. Rock Types • Sedimentary • Metamorphic

  6. 2) The Earth’s Interior

  7. General Geological Principles: 1) Geologic Time

  8. Geologic Time • Relative dating by superposition, cross-cutting relationships, fossils and evolution

  9. 1 ½ ¼ # parent atoms time  Geologic Time • Relative dating by superposition, cross-cutting relationships, fossils and evolution • Absolute dating by radioactive decay (igneous)

  10. Wood density 0.5 8 g 5 g 5 g 3 g 3 g 2 g 2 g Water density 1.0 Each block weighs 2 g density 0.3 0.3 = 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 Water density 1.0 Isostasy

  11. Isostasy

  12. Isostasy

  13. 3) Plate Tectonics

  14. Divergent and Transform Plate Boundaries

  15. Continental Rifting

  16. Continental Riftingthe East African Rift

  17. Convergent Plate Boundaries

  18. Crust thickens by addition of magma Compression due to plate convergence “Andean-type” orogenesis

  19. Convergent Plate Boundaries The Origin of the Himalayas

  20. “Himalayan-type” orogenesis Begins as Andean-type

  21. “Himalayan-type” orogenesis How do you locate the “suture zone” today? How can you determine the “polarity” of subduction?

  22. Slivers of oceanic crust and upper mantle (ophiolites) become incorporated into the “mélange” in the accretionary wedge of deformed sediments The “suture zone” is marked by the mélange and particularly by the occurrence of ultramafic rocks composing the mantle portion of the ocean lithosphere

  23. Chain of ultramafic bodies in Vermont indicating a suture zone of the Ordovician Taconic Orogeny. The ultramafics mark a closed oceanic basin between North American rocks and an accreted island arc terrane. From Chidester, (1968) in Zen et al., Studies in Appalachian Geology, Northern and Maritime. Wiley Interscience.

  24. Appalachian HistoryCan “accrete” island arc terranes as well as continents

  25. Accreted Terranes of the Western Cordillera

  26. Hot Spots

  27. The Plate Tectonic Regime of the Western USA

  28. Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics

  29. General Geological Principles: 4) The Rock Cycle

  30. Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle

  31. Examples of Other Cycles: the Hydrologic Cycle

  32. Examples of Other Cycles: the Carbon Cycle

  33. Population

  34. Population

  35. Population Impacts: • Resources • Waste Disposal • Pollution • Hazards/Disasters • Farmland and Food/Soil • Disruption of Natural Systems

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