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AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism

AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism. CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES 692-697 CHAPTER 25 – PAGES 717-741 CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES 810-813. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:. Agricultural Revolution: Wealthy bought more land  experimentation Results:

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AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism

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  1. AKS 44:Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES 692-697 CHAPTER 25 – PAGES 717-741 CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES 810-813

  2. Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors: • Agricultural Revolution: • Wealthy bought more land  experimentation • Results: • Tried new agricultural methods • Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities • Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

  3. Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors: • Crop Rotation: • Improved medieval 3-field system • Ex: • Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil nutrients) • Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients) • Year 3: Barley • Year 4: Clover

  4. Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors: • Why Britain?: • Natural Resources: • Water power & coal – fuel machines • Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings • Rivers – inland transportation • Harbors – merchant ships set sail

  5. Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors: • Why Britain?: • Economic Expansion: • Investment in new inventions • Highly developed banking system • Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress  increased demand for goods

  6. Industrialization in EnglandContributing Factors: • Why Britain?: • Political Stability: • No wars on British soil • Positive attitude • Laws to encourage business • Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital)

  7. Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors: Natural Resources: • Obstacle = political disunity • Coal-rich Ruhr Valley • Led to importation of British equipment, engineers • Sent children to England to learn industrial management

  8. Industrialization in GermanyContributing Factors: • Railroads: • Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr Valley

  9. Industrialization in JapanContributing Factors • Meiji Reform: • Meiji = “enlightened rule” • Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism • Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun stepped down

  10. Industrialization in EnglandProcess: • Transportation: • James Watt – improved steam engine • Robert Fulton – put steam engine in steamboat • England – canals built – slashed cost of transporting goods • Improved roads where wagons would not sink when it rained • Steam-powered locomotives

  11. Industrialization in EnglandProcess: • Rise of Cities: • Growth of factory system  city building and people shift toward cities (urbanization) • Built near sources of energy (coal & water) • London most important

  12. Industrialization in EnglandProcess: • Living & Working Conditions: • No development plans, sanitary & building codes • Lacked housing, education • Sickness widespread • Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk • Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case of injury • Coal mines most dangerous – children and women employed here b/c they were cheap

  13. Industrialization in GermanyProcess: • Transportation: • See above • Economy & Military: • Economic strength spurred ability to become military power

  14. Industrialization in JapanProcess: • Transportation: • Followed industrialization • Early 1900s = modern economy • Built railroads

  15. Industrialization in JapanProcess: • Westernization: • To counter western influence = modernize • Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways • Chose best & adapted • Modernized military

  16. Industrialization in JapanProcess: • Modernization: • Coal production grew • Built thousands of factories • Expanded unique production (tea & silk) • Shipbuilding to be competitive with west

  17. IndustrializationWorking Conditions: • Industry created many new jobs • Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous • Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline • Long-Term Effect: • Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours, better conditions

  18. IndustrializationSocial Classes: • Factory workers – overworked, underpaid • Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class. • Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were. • Long-Term Effect: • Standard of living rose

  19. IndustrializationSize of Cities: • Factories brought job seekers to cities • Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size • Many cities specialized in certain industries • Long-Term Effect: • Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities

  20. IndustrializationLiving Conditions: • Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls • Housing, water, & social services were scarce • Epidemics swept through the city • Long-Term Effect: • Housing, diet, & clothing improved

  21. Impact of IndustrializationRise of Global Inequality: • Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized countries • Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products • Began seizing colonies for economic resources  imperialism

  22. Impact of IndustrializationTransformation of Society: • Industrialization = tremendous economic power • Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries • Development of middle class – education & democratic participation  social reform

  23. Important WritingsAdam Smith: • Basic Ideas: • Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress • Government need not interfere in the economy • Wrote “Wealth of Nations”

  24. Important WritingsKarl Marx: • Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people • Wrote “Communist Manifesto”

  25. Impact of Urbanization on WomenMixed Blessing: • Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home • Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made

  26. Impact of Urbanization on WomenReform Movements: • Women formed unions in women-dominated fields • Served as safety inspectors in women-dominated factories

  27. Impact of Urbanization on WomenJane Adams: • Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood

  28. NationalismUnification of Germany: • Led by Prussia • Otto von Bismarck – Prime Minister under Wilhelm I • Policy of Realpolitik: • Tough power politics - no idealism • Issues not decided by resolutions, but by “blood and iron” • Allowed him to expand Prussia & achieve dominance

  29. GermanySeven Weeks’ War (1866) • Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia • Prussia (superior training & equipment) humiliated Austria • Austrians lost Venetia – given to Italy • Had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory • Prussia took control of N. Germany – for 1st time, E & W Prussia joined

  30. GermanyFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871) • Bismarck manufactured “incident” that caused France to declare war on Prussia • Defeated and humiliated the French • Bismarck became a national hero w/ victory • Final stage in German unification • S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian (Protestant) leadership • King Wilhelm I crowned “Kaiser” – emperor • Called empire “Second Reich” (HRE was the 1st) • Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by “blood and iron”

  31. NationalismUnification of Italy: • Led by Sardinia • Camillo di Cavour – Prime Minister under Victor Emmanuel II • Worked to expand Sardinian Empire • Succeeded through war, alliances, & help of nationalist rebels • Red Shirts – Garibaldi-rebel leader • Unified Italy in process

  32. Germany & Italy - Similarities • Leaders were aristocrats • Nations united by nationalism • One state led unification • Prussia led German unification • Sardinia led Italian unification

  33. JapanModernization Pays Off for Japan • By 1890, Japan had: • Several dozen warships • 500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers • Became strongest military power in Asia

  34. JapanJapan Gains Western Favor as a Nation-State • Constitution & legal codes similar to European nations • Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights of foreigners • 1894 – foreign powers accepted it • Strength & feeling of equality rose • Became more imperialistic-needed resources for industry.

  35. Reaction to Foreign DominationRusso-Japanese War (1904-1905): • Causes: • Russia refused to stay out of Korea • Japanese led surprise attack on Russian navy anchored off coast of Manchuria

  36. Reaction to Foreign DominationRusso-Japanese War (1904-1905): • Results: • Destruction of Russian navy • Humiliation of Russia and Czar Nicholas II • Territorial gains for Japan (Manchuria & Korea) • Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria & Korea

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