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SEMINAR ON ANTIMATTER

SEMINAR ON ANTIMATTER. INTRODUCTION. Antimatter is real. Energy density of chemical reaction is 1×10  J/kg. nuclear fission is 8×10  J/kg. nuclear fusion is 3×10  J/kg. matter antimatter reaction is 9×10 16 J/kg. Highest energy release per unit mass.

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SEMINAR ON ANTIMATTER

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  1. SEMINAR ON ANTIMATTER

  2. INTRODUCTION • Antimatter is real. • Energy density of chemical reaction is 1×10 J/kg. nuclear fission is 8×10 J/kg. nuclear fusion is 3×10 J/kg. matter antimatter reaction is 9×1016 J/kg. • Highest energy release per unit mass. • Complete conversion of mass into energy. ×

  3. WHAT IS MATTER? • Everything around us. • Basic components: electrons. protons. neutrons.

  4. WHAT IS ANTIMATTER? • Opposite of normal matter. • Basic components are: positrons. antiprotons. antineutrons.

  5. HISTORY OF ANTIMATTER. • In 1928,Paul A.M.Dirac revised Einstein’s famous equation E=mc². • Dirac’s equation E=±mc². • Positrons discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932. • Antiprotons discovered in 1955. • Antiatoms discovered in 1995 by CERN.

  6. PRODUCTION OF ANTIMATTER. • Created from energy. • Protons are smashed into target. • Matter-antimatter particles are spontaneously created. • Antiproton head towards the Antiproton Decelerator.

  7. ANTIPROTON DECCELERATOR (AD) • It consists of vacuum tubes. vacuum pumps. magnets. radiofrequency cavities. high voltage instruments. electronic circuits.

  8. WORKING OF AD. • Antiproton have energy spread. transverse oscillations. • Focusing magnets. • Radiofrequency cavities decelerate the antiproton.

  9. AD EXPERIMENTS. • ASACUSA (Atomic Spectroscopy And Collision Using Slow Antiprotons). • ATHENA (Antihydrogen Production and Precision Experiments). • ATRAP (Cold Anti hydrogen for precise laser Spectroscopy).

  10. STORAGE. • Traps. • Appropriate configuration of electric and magnetic fields. • Good vacuum.

  11. ANTIMATTER IN PROPULSION SYSTEM • Annihilation. • Newtonian rocket. • 100 milligram for Space Shuttle.

  12. ANTIMATTER PROPULSION SYSTEMS. • Two choice of propulsion 1)Electron-positron annihilation. produces high energy gamma rays. impossible to control. very dangerous. 2)Proton-antiproton annihilation. produces charged particles. mass left over after annihilation.

  13. 1)SOLID CORE. • Solid core heat exchanger. • Superheats hydrogen propellants. • Specific impulse:1000sec

  14. 2)GAS CORE. • Annihilation occurs in hydrogen propellant. • Particles controlled in magnetic field. • Loss in the form of gamma rays. • Specific impulse:2500sec

  15. 3)PLASMA CORE. • Annihilation of larger amount of antimatter. • Loss in the form of gamma rays. • Plasma is expelled to produce thrust. • Specific impulse between 5000 to 10000sec.

  16. 4)BEAM CORE. • Direct one to one annihilation. • Used directly as the exhausted propellant. • Specific impulse:10,000,000sec

  17. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCAN. • Positron incorporated in a special fluid injected into the patient. • Annihilate with electrons. • Energy emerges as gamma rays. • PET radiograph reveals inner structure. • Widely used in brain scans.

  18. ANTIMATTER DETONATION. • Output highly depends on regular matter surrounding the bomb. • Gamma rays are absorbed. • Lose half their energy per 500 to 1000m of air compared to 20cm of concrete. • Explosion would not cause much physical damage. • No practical or destructive as conventional nuclear weapons.

  19. ANTIMATTER IN NATURE. • Matter & antimatter were created in gigantic Big Bang. • Two possibilities: • Either antimatter completely disappeared. • Separated from each other.

  20. ALPHA MAGNETIC SPECTROMETER • High energy particle detector. • Carried on Space Shuttle. • In 2004,a new version of experiment installed on the International Space Station.

  21. PROBLEMS IN PRODUCTION. • Only 1 to 10 nano grams produced a year. • Most expensive substance on earth. 1 gram cost about $62.5 trillion. • So not economical using current technology.

  22. PROBLEMS IN STORAGE. • Current trap can only store 1010 antiproton for one week. • Next stage an improvement to 1012 antiproton storage. • For complete antimatter propulsion, 1020 antiprotons needed to be stored.

  23. CONCLUSION • Due to the highest energy release per unit mass of any known reaction we can say that antimatter will be a future fuel but need a reliable method of producing large amount of it.

  24. THANK YOU..

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