London Low Emission Zone Study David Hutchinson

1. International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Association in association with the Integrated Program on Urban, Regional and Global Air Pollution Mexico City January 19-23 2004 LondonLow Emission Zone StudyDavid Hutchinson

2. Transport Economic development Biodiversity Air quality Culture Spatial development Municipal waste management Ambient noise Energy The Mayor’s StrategiesThe Greater London Authority Act requires the Mayor to prepare strategies for

3. Cleaning London’s Air The Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy MAYOR OF LONDON

4. A hierarchy of strategies EU Directives National Air Quality Strategy The Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy for London Local Air Quality Management

5. Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland fine particles nitrogen dioxide sulphur dioxide carbon monoxide lead benzene 1,3-butadiene ozone polyaromatic hydrocarbons

6. Air quality in London in 2005 NO2 Above target Below target

7. Sources of pollution

8. What more can London do? Introduce a Low Emission Zone?

9. What is a Low Emission Zone? A Low Emission Zone is a zone from which vehicles which fail to meet a specified emission standard (such as Euro II) are excluded

10. London Low Emission Zone Feasibility Study Undertaken by consultants for: Greater London Authority Association of London Government Transport for London London Boroughs Department for Transport Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs National Society for Clean Air Energy Saving Trust Report completed July 2003 and available at: http://www.london-lez.org

11. London LEZ options Area Central London Inner London Greater London Up to the M25 Heathrow Outer London Vehicles Lorries London Buses Coaches Vans Licensed taxis Private hire Cars Start date 2005 2007 2010 Emission criteria Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 RPC Operation & enforcement Manual Automatic Recommended London Low Emission Zone options

12. Area of the Zone Same as the Congestion Charging Scheme Up to - but not including - the North South Circular Heathrow The Greater London boundary Up to - but not including - the M25 An outer London area (stand-alone

13. Sources of pollution from vehicles

14. Which vehicles? Lorries, buses and coaches have the highest emissions per kilometre travelled

15. Recommendations in relation to vehicles • If a Low Emission Zone is established, it should start with a scheme that targets lorries, London buses and coaches, as these vehicles have disproportionately high emissions per vehicle. Targeting them produces the greatest emissions reduction at the lowest cost. • The Low Emission Zone should later be extended in later year to include vans and taxis. However, taxis could also be included earlier through the licensing process. • The study does not recommend that cars are included in the Low Emission Zone scheme. However, it does recommend that some action is taken, in addition to the LEZ, to remove very old cars and vans from the fleet (those built before 1993).

16. Emission criteria • The study recommends that lorries and buses should meet a criterion of Euro 2 with particle traps in 2007, and the criterion should be tightened to Euro 3 with particle traps in 2010. • A NOx reduction retrofit scheme should also be considered for 2010. • The initial scheme could develop over time into a rolling scheme, combining Euro standard and age-based criteria. • If vans are to be included in the Low Emission Zone scheme, the study recommends that they should meet an age-based criterion. This should be a rolling ten-year-old age limit. A similar age-based standard is also recommended for taxis, both for licensed taxis and private hire vehicles.

17. Numbers of vehicles

18. Costs and benefits UK £ millions

19. Costs • The cost to vehicle operators is likely to be significantly higher than the costs of setting up and operating a London Low Emission Zone. • The exact costs would depend on operator behaviour in response to the zone. • Existing Government grants could offset some of these costs, but the numbers of vehicles affected by a Low Emission Zone in London would far exceed the existing grant levels.

20. 2007 2010 With Recommended LEZ Baseline NO2

21. 2007 2010 With Recommended LEZ Baseline PM10

22. Reductions in emissions and exceedence area • London should meet the target forPM10 in 2007 but the target for 2010 is more stringent

23. Conclusions • Even the most severe Low Emission Zone would not, on its own, result in London meeting all the air quality targets. • The progress towards the air quality targets also has to be seen against a natural background of improving air quality. • The study has found that a feasible London Low Emission Zone would have modest benefits in improving overall emission levels and absolute air quality concentrations • However, it would make a slightly larger contribution to reducing exceedences of the air quality targets.

24. Next steps? A joint decision on whether to implement the zone between the Mayor and London Boroughs together with the Government Public consultation over the preferred scheme design, and agreement over any proposed modifications Agreeing the approach with TfL London Buses and the Public Carriage Office (responsible for bus regulation and taxi licensing) Agreeing the format of the TRO and any associated Bill or Regulations to decriminalise offences (if applicable) Agreeing the definition of the national certification system between DfT and its agencies Agreeing the funding and division of responsibilities

25. Strategies can be found at http://www.london.gov.uk http://www.london-lez.org Information on the Low Emission Zone study can be found at http://www.london-lez.org