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ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION. PRODUCTION OF ONE OFFSPRING(CELL) FROM 1 PARENT(CELL) NO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL-NO RECOMBINATION OF DNA(RNA) ALL OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO PARENT(CELL), ASSUMING NO MUTATIONS ALL OFFSPRING ARE CLONES. POSITIVES.

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ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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  1. ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • PRODUCTION OF ONE OFFSPRING(CELL) FROM 1 PARENT(CELL) • NO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL-NO RECOMBINATION OF DNA(RNA) • ALL OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO PARENT(CELL), ASSUMING NO MUTATIONS ALL OFFSPRING ARE CLONES

  3. POSITIVES NEGATIVES IF MUTATION OCCURS EFFECTS ALL FUTURE ORGANISMS NO DIVERSITY, WHAT EFFECTS ONE EFFECTS ALL • NO NEED TO USE ENERGY TO FIND A MATE • TAKES LESS TIME • RELIABLE, FEWER STEPS • ALL ORGANISMS RETAIN ALL QUALITIES • BETTER CHANCE OF SURVIVAL, EFFICIENT USE OF AVALIBLE RESOURSES

  4. PROKARYOTES: NO nucleus, NO membrane bound organelles Process of BINARY FISSION- “one cell into two”

  5. EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR • Most protistsand fungi like yeast. • PROCESS OF MITOSIS: division of nucleus then CYTOKENESIS: division of cell

  6. EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULARANIMALS REGENERATION: REPLACEMENT OF ALL OR PART OF AN ORGANISM BUDDING: GROWTH OF NEW ORGANISM OFF OF ANOTHER

  7. EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR PLANTS VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION: PRODUCING A NEW PLANT FROM AN EXISTING PLANT OR PART OF A PLANT GRAFTS GRAFTS RR RUNNERS CUTTINGS BUDDING

  8. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • PRODUCTION OF AN OFFSPRING THROUGH FORMATION OF GAMETES(SEX CELLS) BY MEIOSIS • INVOLVES THE UNION OF GAMETES AND RECOMBINING OF DNA FROM TWO PARENTS • RESULTS IN GENETICALLY UNIQUE OFFSPRING (VARIATION)

  9. 5 POSITIVES NEGATIVES FIND A MATE TAKES MORE TIME TO DEVELOP OFFSPRING FEWER OFFSPRING • EACH OFFSPRING UNIQUE • ALLOWS FOR MORE VARIATION W/IN SPECIES • IF MUTATIONS OCCUR LESS LIKELY TO AFFECT ORGANISM NEGATIVELY

  10. EXAMPLES CONJUGATION Temporary union of two single cells with at least one of them receiving genetic material from the other. SIMPLEST FORM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  11. Cell Reproduction

  12. Why Do Cells Divide? • Cells have a certain size limitation • SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO • Cells will stop growing or reproduce, rarely will they burst.

  13. Why may a cell want to be small? • Difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling waste • Transport of substance may take longer • Larger size makes it almost impossible for cellular communication to occur.

  14. Cell Cycle

  15. Cell Cycle • Only a Eukaryotic Process • Unicellular: asexual reproduction • Multicellular: growth and repair

  16. Cell Cycle • Rate may differ depending upon: • Type of cell • Fastest include: intestinal, skin, bone marrow, hair • Slowest: bone, liver, kidney • Age of cell • External factors that affect cells • Examples include: Drugs, Alcohol, Smoke, Radiation, Toxins, Viruses

  17. The Cell Cycle • Occurs in 3 phases • Interphase: preparation for division • Mitosis: nuclear division • Cytokinesis: cell division

  18. InterphaseWhere the cell is growing and replicating DNA This is the longest phase of cell division Consist of 3 parts 1) G1 – Gap 1 2) S – synthesis 3) G2 - Gap 2

  19. G1 Phase – Gap 1 • Daughter cells grow to a mature size • S Phase – Synthesis • Cell is replicating its DNA or chromosomes • G2 Phase – Gap 2 • Cell prepares for mitosis or meiosis

  20. After interphase, the cell will enter the M phase – The mitosis/meiosis phase: Cell begins to divide

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