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Essentials of Athletic Injury Management 8 th Edition. William E. Prentice, PhD, PT, ATC. Essentials of Athletic Injury Management 8 th Edition PowerPoint Presentations. Jason Scibek, PhD, ATC Duquesne University.
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Essentials of Athletic Injury Management 8th Edition William E. Prentice, PhD, PT, ATC
Essentials of Athletic Injury Management 8th EditionPowerPoint Presentations Jason Scibek, PhD, ATC Duquesne University
Chapter 1: Fitness Professionals, Coaches, and the Sports Medicine Team: Defining Roles
Growing demand for well-educated, professionally trained personnel to supervise and oversee recreational sport and physical activity • Coaches • Fitness professionals • Recreation specialists • Athletic administrators • Others interested in various aspects of exercise and sports science
Injury is a part of athletics • Athletes have a right to expect that those that are overseeing their particular view their health and safety as a priority • Critical to have individuals that are aware of both treatment and prevention • Should be able to recognize injury, provide basic medical assistance and refer injured individual to appropriate medical personnel • Well-trained professionals are not always healthcare professionals and may be in violation if they attempt to provide treatment and care
Sports medicine refers to a broad field of medical practices related to physical activity and sport • Defined by American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) as multidisciplinary • Includes physiological, biomechanical, psychological and pathological phenomena associated with exercise and sport • Clinical application in these areas is aimed at improving and maintaining functional capacities for physical labor exercise and sports • Sports medicines generally focuses on areas of performance enhancement, injury care, prevention and management
Areas of specialization that focus primarily on performance enhancement • Exercise physiology • Biomechanics • Sports psychology • Sports nutrition • Strength & conditioning • Personal fitness training • Coaching • Physical education
Areas of specialization that focus on health care and injury/illness management specific to the athlete • Practice of medicine (physicians & physician assistants) • Athletic training • Sports physical therapy • Massage therapy • Dentistry • Osteopathic medicine • Sport podiatry • Orthotist/prosthetists • Sports chiropractic
Sports Medicine Human Performance Injury Care & Management Exercise Physiology Practice of Medicine Sports Physical Therapy Biomechanics Sport Psychology Athletic Training Sports Nutrition Massage therapy Fitness Training Orthotist/Prosthetists
Specialists listed under performance enhancement could be concerned with both performance and injury care & management • (Example: sports nutrition)
Sports Medicine Organizations • Sports medicine organizations tend to have many goals • Upgrade field by devising and maintaining a set of professional standards (code of ethics) • Bring professionals together in collegial fashion for exchange of ideas, critical thinking and research for advancement of profession • Provide opportunities for individuals to work together toward singleness of purpose • Many national organizations have state and local associations, serving as extensions of the larger body
Historical Development of Sports Medicine Organizations • International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928) • American Academy of Family Physicians (1947) • National Athletic Trainers Association (1950) • American College of Sports Medicine (1954) • American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972) • National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978) • American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979) • Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981) • NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985)
Athletic Healthcare in Organized vs. Recreational Sports Activities • Delivery of healthcare is dependent on whether the event is organized or recreational • Organized activity • Generally competitive • Involves teams, leagues (secondary schools, collegiate and professional teams) • Players of the sports medicine team (coach, athletic trainer, physician) are employed on full- or part-time • College setting may also have nutritionist, sports psychologist, strength & conditioning coach, massage therapist
Recreational activity • Can be competitive but often times is done more for leisure and is much less formal • City and community-based recreational leagues and teams • Often include fitness-oriented events • Sometimes recreational athlete will hire a personal fitness trainer • If injury occurs they are more likely to consult with a family physician, athletic trainer, sports chiropractor or a sports physical therapist • Typically, care provided on a fee for care basis
Provision of healthcare requires a group effort to be most effective • Involves a number of individuals • Each member of the team must perform specific functions relative to caring for the injured athlete
How does the Fitness Professional Relate to the Sports Medicine Team? • Focus of the group is on improving performance • Argument can be made that by an athlete achieving a higher level of fitness, injuries are less likely to occur • The relationship between performance enhancement and injury prevention is critical
Personal Fitness Trainer • Responsible for designing a comprehensive exercise program to meet an individual’s needs and goals while also considering a person’s health history • Field emerged in the 1970’s and expanded tremendously in the 1980’s • Becoming an incredibly fast growing and expansive field • Work with all types of individuals • No single standard qualification for a person to practice as a fitness trainer
Four primary organizations • American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) • National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) • National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) • American Council on Exercise (ACE) • These organizations have specific requirements, mandatory testing/retesting, renewal periods, and continuing education • Some even require a formal educational degree in exercise science or another related field • All personal fitness trainers should be certified in CPR/AED1,2,3 and in basic First Aid1,2(Red Cross1, National Safety Council2 or American Heart Association3)
Strongest growth segment of the fitness industry • Providing increasing services in post-rehabilitation training, sports conditioning, special medical needs, and weight management • Working with a variety of client populations
Strength & Conditioning Coaches • Oversee fitness of an athlete • Often employed at the collegiate level for both team and individual training sessions • Typically certified by the NSCA • All strength & conditioning coaches should be certified in CPR/AED1,2,3 and in basic First Aid1,2 (Red Cross1, National Safety Council2 or American Heart Association3) • Must work with the athletic trainer when it comes to modifying a strength training program relative to injury
The athletic trainer should dictate what the athlete can and cannot do when engaging in a strength & conditioning program • Strength & conditioning coaches are typically not available at the high school level • The athletic trainer or team coach typically assume this roles in these situations • Will require both program development and overseeing the weight room
How does a Recreation Specialist Relate to the Sports Medicine Team? • A recreation specialist plans, organizes, and oversees leisure activities and athletic programs in local recreation camp and park areas; in playground; in health clubs and fitness centers; in the workplace; and in theme parks • Required to ensure that the environment is safe.
Should an injury occur to a participant, they should be able to provide immediate and correct first aid and then refer for additional medical assistance • All recreation specialist should be certified in CPR/AED1,2,3 and in basic First Aid1,2(Red Cross1, National Safety Council2 or American Heart Association3)
Recreation and Parks Directors • Serve as an advisor to local and state recreation and park commissions to manage comprehensive recreation programs in a variety of setting • Develop budgets for recreation programs • Recreation supervisors • Serve as liaisons between parks director and recreation leaders • Plan, organize and manage various activities; may also direct special activities or events • Recreation leaders • Responsible for daily operations of the recreation program
Activity specialist • Provide instruction and coach groups in specialties (i.e. swimming or tennis) • Camp counselor • Lead and instruct campers in outdoor-oriented forms of recreation • Recreational therapist • Work in acute healthcare settings; working to treat and rehabilitate individuals with specific health conditions • Utilize leisure activities to improve and maintain client’s general health and well-being • May also provide interventions that help to prevent further medical problems
The Role of the Athletic Administrator in the Sports Medicine Team • Has a significant impact on the sports medicine team • Responsible for hiring personnel (i.e. coaches, ATC’s, strength coaches, nutritionists, team physician) • Must be sure that all individuals have the necessary credentials and are willing to work as a team
Must also oversee and develop policies & procedures, risk management plan, and emergency action plans • Responsible for the budget and for funding all aspects of an athletic healthcare program • Salaries, supplies, equipment, insurance • Commitment of the administrator can have a tremendous impact on the success of the athletic program
Role of the Coach in the Sports Medicine Team • Coach must be aware of the responsibilities of each individual associated with the team • If there is no athletic trainer, this becomes even more critical • Coach must understand limits of their ability to function as a health care provider in the state in which they are employed • All coaches should be certified in CPR/AED1,2,3 and in basic First Aid1,2 (Red Cross1, National Safety Council2 or American Heart Association3)
Construct injury prevention conditioning programs • Must provide high quality and properly fit protective equipment • Apply proper first aid if necessary • Be CPR/AED and First Aid certified • Possess appropriate coaching licenses and certifications • Have understanding of skill techniques and environmental factors associated with sport • Continuing education through ASEP or NCACE • Function as a coach
Roles and Responsibilities of the Athletic Trainer • Work with athletes from time of injury to resolution • Directly responsible for all phases of health care in an athletic environment • May be employed in a variety of settings • Colleges/Universities/Secondary schools • Sports medicine clinics / Corporate settings • Amateur/Professional athletics • Military/NASA/NASCAR/Performing arts • Equipments sales/marketing
Must have extensive background in formal academic preparation and supervised practical experience • Guidelines are set Board of Certification • Both in academic coursework and clinical experience • Upon meeting the educational guidelines applicants are eligible to sit for the examination • Upon passing the certification examination = BOC certification as an athletic trainer • Credential of ATC
Injury prevention • Ensure appropriate training, monitor environment, nutrition, maintain & fitting equipment, appropriate use of medication • Clinical evaluation and diagnosis • Recognize nature and extent of injury • Immediate care • Provide first aid and management of acute injuries • Minimum of CPR/AED and First Aid • Treatment, rehabilitation and reconditioning • Knowledge of equipment, manual therapy, therapeutic modalities • Organization & administration • Budgeting, inventory, injury records, supervision of assistants, insurance, EAP development • Professional responsibility • Educating the public through seminars, research & providing good care
Responsibilities of the Team Physician • Athletic trainer works under direct supervision of physician • Physician assumes a number of roles • Serves to advise and supervise athletic trainer • Physician and athletic trainer must be able to work together
Compiling medical histories and conducting physical exams • Pre-participation screening • Diagnosing injury • Deciding on disqualifications • Physician must have the final say on when the athlete should return to activity • Attending practice and games • It is imperative that the team physician promote and maintain consistently high quality care
Relationship Between the Sports Medicine Team and Athlete • Primary concern should be that of the athlete • All individuals must work cooperatively in the best interest of the athlete • Coach should differ to the medical staff and support decisions regarding athlete health care • Close communication between all parties involved is critical
All parties must work to develop solid working relationship • Each member will have to gain trust and confidence in the skills and abilities of each other • Imperative that the athlete is kept well-informed • Coach and athletic trainer must make a point of educating the student-athlete
Family and the Sports Medicine Team • Parents will also be involved at the high school and middle school level • Parent’s decision must be of a primary consideration • Athletic trainer must be prepared to deal with multiple healthcare providers at parents request • May be dictated via parent’s insurance plan • Must also be sure that athlete and family are familiar with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Other Members of the Sports Medicine Team • Physicians • Dentist • Podiatrist • Nurse • Physicians Assistant • Sports Chiropractors • Physical Therapist • Massage Therapist • Orthotist/prosthetist • Equipment Personnel • Exercise Physiologist • Biomechanist • Nutritionist • Sport Psychologist • Emergency Medical Specialists • Strength & Conditioning Coach • Referees