Chapter 19

1. Chapter 19 The Civil War 1861-1865

2. Section 1 The War Begins NORTH THE UNION SOUTH CONFEDERACY

3. Lincoln Faces a Crisis • Fort Sumter, South Carolina • First battle of the Civil War on April 12, 1861, attack on union • 34 hours of bombardment, Union surrender. • Lincoln declared south in rebellion.

5. Choosing Sides • Border States: • Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. • The Division of Virginia • New state of West Virginia joined the Union in 1863. • Confederate capital • Richmond, Virginia.

6. The Volunteer Spirit • Neither side prepared for war. • Both depended on volunteers. • Border states joined both sides. • Families and Friends Divided

7. North V.S. South At the beginning of the war, the North had several key advantages over the South. What advantages or disadvantages do you think existed?

8. North • Northhad several advantages • Population size is larger = more soldiers • Factories & shipyards • Better transportation • Ability to raise more money

9. Northern Strategies • Union General Winfield Scott’s two part strategy. • To destroy the South’s economy through naval blockade of southern seaports. • Gain control of the Mississippi • River to divide the Confederacy and cut its communications.

10. The South • Advantages for the South • The South had many skilled military officers. • The South needed only to defend itself until the North grew tired of the war. • In contrast, the North had to defeat southern forces and occupy large areas of enemy territory.

11. Southern Strategy • Defend its territory and to wear down the Union’s will to fight. • Its offensive plan focused on taking Washington D.C. • Cotton Diplomacy • They tried to win foreign allies • Great Britain didn’t bite.

12. SECTION 2The War Begins

13. Two Armies Meet • First Battle of Bull Run. • First major clash after the attack on Ft. Sumter took place in July 1861. • Manassas Junction, Virginia. Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson. CONFEDERACY VICTORY

14. War Leaders at start of the War Union commanderGeorge B. McClellan. Confederate commander Robert E. Lee

15. Robert E. Lee • Most talented officer on either side. • A graduate of West Point. • Served in the Mexican War. • Engineer for the Army Corps of Engineers. • Led the Federal troops against the raid on Harper’s Ferry and captured John Brown. • Lincoln had even asked Lee to command the Union Army. • He was against slavery and southern secession. • When Virginia left the union, Lee resigned from the U.S. Army and went home to Virginia.

16. More Virginia Battles CONFEDERACY VICTORY • Seven Day’s Battles-Five separate battles; Lee (Confederacy) force McClellan (Union) to retreat from the area around Richmond. • Second Battle of Bull Run-Lincoln ordered a direct attack on Richmond. • Lee (Confederacy) was able to push most of the Union forces out of Virginia. CONFEDERACY VICTORY Lee now decided to take the war into the North. This decision was highly debated.

17. Seven Days’ Battle

18. Second Battle of Bull Run

19. The Battle of Antietam Confederate leaders hoped a victory on northern soil might break the Union’s spirit and convince European powers to aid the South. September 4, 1862: 40,000 Confederate soldiers entered Maryland. McClellan found a copy of Lee’s battle plans which he used to prepare a counterattack.

20. The Battle of Antietam • September 17, 1862 the two armies met along Antietam Creek, Maryland. • Lasted for hours; 12,000 Union causalities and 13,000 Confederate. • Bloodiest single-day battle of the war. • Union finally wins a key victory. • Stopped Lee’s northern advance, Lincoln disappointed he was allowed to retreat. UNION VICTORY PICTURES…PICTURES …. PICTURES……

21. The Battle of Antietam

22. Very few pictures exist from actual battles. Here Federal troops at Fair Oaks prepare for battle in the Peninsular Campaign in June 1862.

23. At the Battle of Antietam the Confederate troops of Robert E. Lee were forced to withdraw. Following the battle President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation formally declaring all slaves to be free. This picture shows President Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton and Major General McClernand at Antietam after the battle.

24. Airplanes did not exist, yet. Armies used balloons to observe battles from the sky. Here Professor T. S. Lowe observes a battle from his balloon the Intrepid

25. The War at Sea Who controlled the sea? Why? • North had most of the U.S. Navy’s small fleet and enough industry to build more ships. • Union Navy blockaded the South, cutting off southern trade and hurting the economy. • A new type of warship, the Ironclad is developed. The NORTH - UNION

28. The Battle of the Ironclads • South - Virginia: a captured union ship, built into an ironclad. • North • The Monitor: a new ironclad, with a revolving gun turret. WHO DO YOU THINK WON? UNION VICTORY The Monitor forces the Virginia to retreat. North continues the blockade.

29. Section 3 The War in the West • Union strategy in the west focused on controlling the Mississippi River; to cut off food production as well as communication and transportation.

30. General Ulysses S. Grant • He was the most important figure in the war in the West. • West Point graduate. • Served in the Mexican War. * Lincoln said, “I can’t spare this man, he fights!” • In 1864 was made commander of the Union army.

31. Battle of Shiloh • April 6, 1862 Grant advances south along the Tennessee River & is caught by surprise. • After being reinforced during the night, Grant is successful in his counterattack. • **The Union now had won greater control of the Mississippi River Valley!

32. Fighting for the Mississippi River • Two forts guarded the approach to New Orleans; essential in taking over the River. • Union commander Farragut • Unable to destroy the forts, he decided to sail boldly past them. • He was successful in taking New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Natchez, Mississippi. • Only Vicksburg stood in the Union’s way!

33. Siege of Vicksburg • In spring of 1863, General Grant blocked southern forces from aiding Vicksburg. • He then surrounded the city with his troops. • The siege lasted about six weeks. • As supplies ran out, the people survived by eating horses, dogs, and rats. • Confederates surrendered July 4, 1863 giving the Union control of the River. Important Date!!

35. The Far West • Fighting also took place in Arkansas, Missouri, along the Texas coast, and in New Mexico. • Battle of Pea Ridge- Union victory gave them the upper hand in Missouri but pro-confederate units (territories and American Indians) remained active in the region throughout the war by raiding forts and towns.

36. Life During the War • President Lincoln felt that slavery strengthened and supported the South. • What should he do?? • Lincoln decided to issue a military order freeing slaves ONLY in areas controlled by the Confederacy; *Union victory at the Battle of Antietam was the victory he needed for his plan.

37. Emancipation Proclamation • The loss of slave labor hurt the southern economy and the Confederate war effort. • The order was highly debated.

38. African Americans and the War • Many African American units contributed the Union war effort; 180,000 served. “Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters, U.S.;…and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned his right to citizenship.” -Frederick Douglass

39. 54th Massachusetts Infantry- most famous unit, consisting of mostly free African Americans, played a key role in the attack on South Carolina.

40. Problems in the North • Copperheads- Northern Democrats who sympathized with the south, objected to abolition, and wanted the war to end. • Lincoln saw these men as a threat to the war! • He suspended the right of habeas corpus: the constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment. • Union officials could now put their enemies in jail without either evidence or trial. • March 1863 – A draft also caused problems in the north; riots mostly of immigrants afraid of losing their jobs to free African Americans. • More than 100 people killed before Union troops stopped the violence.

41. Southern Struggles • The North’s naval blockade took a heavy toll on southerners; lack of food and supplies. • Value of Confederate money fell as exports dropped. • The price of supplies went way up; food riots. • The Confederacy government also disagreed on many issues; the draft.

42. Life on the Home front • People too young or old to fight in the war worked in factories and farms. • Women provided medical care; Clara Barton worked at Field hospitals and her work formed the basis of the American Red Cross.

43. Women Efforts • The efforts of women at these hospitals were very important. • They were uncomfortable and unhealthy. • About twice as many Civil War soldiers died of disease than died in combat.

44. Military Prisons • Andersonville Prison, in southwest Georgia. • Thousands of Union soldiers were held there with no shelter and little food. • About 150 people died there a day.

45. The Tide of the War Turns • May 1863: Lee defeated a much larger Union force in Chancellorsville, Virginia. • General Stonewall Jackson • Accidentally shot by his own troops…oops. “Jackson lost his left arm, but I have lost my right.” - Robert E. Lee

46. Lee’s Headed North • Victories at Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg, VA encouraged Lee to launch another offensive into Union territory • Is this a good idea?!? • Goals: • Break the North’s will to fight • Capture much needed supplies for his army • Turn the tide of the war in the Confederacy’s favor.

47. Battle of Gettysburg • July 1, 1863 • Troops accidentally met in a small town in Pennsylvania, called Gettysburg.

49. Pickett’s Charge

50. Pickett’s Charge • 14,000 Confederates took part in the charge through the field up Cemetery Ridge. • Disaster!! • Fewer than half of the men made it to the top of the ridge; all of those who made it to the top were either captured or killed. • Only 6,500 returned to the Confederate rear. • Many people feared for Lee’s sanity!! • Battle of Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War; Union 23,000 and Confederate 28,000.