UNDERLINED PURPLE WORDS MUST BE RECORDED IN YOUR DICTIONARY

1. UNDERLINED PURPLE WORDS MUST BE RECORDED IN YOUR DICTIONARY

2. OVERVIEW WATER / DISSOLVING WHAT IS A BIOMACROMOLECULE CARBOHYDRATES STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION(Mono, di, polysaccharides) AMINO ACIDS PEPTIDE  POLYPEPTIDE  PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION NUCLEIC ACID  RNA/DNA LIPID STRUCTURE & FUNCTION PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE PHOSPHOLIPID BI LAYER STEROIDS

3. WATER – H2O • Water (H2O) consists of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom linked by a covalent bond • Water is a polar molecule meaning that due to uneven distribution of electrons, one end of the molecule has a positive electrical charge and the other end has a negative electrical charge • In water, the oxygen end has a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen ends have a slightly positive charge.

4. WATER PROPERTIES • Water is the main solvent in our bodies and many of the chemical reactions of the body take place in water. • The ability of ions and other molecules to dissolve in water is due to it’s polarity. • Substances that readily dissolve in water are called hydrophillic or polar • Substances that do not tend to dissolve in water are called hydrophobic or non-polar • The total of the reactions that take place in our bodies is called metabolism

5. EXAMPLES OF DISSOLVING • Sodium chloride (NaCl) will dissociate into its two parts Na+ and Cl- when it comes into contact with water. • The positive (Na) ions are attracted to the negative oxygen in water • The negative (Cl-) is attracted to the positive hydrogen in water. • A ring of water molecules surround each sodium and chloride atom and they remain in solution. Na Cl

6. POLAR OPPOSITES Dehydration involves the release of a water molecule allowing two molecules to join Hydrolysis involves a water molecule causing the splitting of two previously joined molecules DEHYDRATION REACTION vs. HYDROLYSIS

7. POLYMERIZATION POLYMER MONOMER MONOMER MONOMER MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules are formed through the process of POLYMERIZATION (POLYMERIZATION) large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together (MONOMERS) Small singular molecules (POLYMERS) Chain of monomers

8. ORGANIC MOLECULES (AKA BIOMACROMOLECULES) BIO: living Macro: big Molecule: Molecule Organic molecules contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, whereas inorganic molecules do not. Organic compounds were originally thought to only be found in living things. It is now known that it is not the case. Organic compounds make up about 30% of what makes up a cell (a substantial amount)

9. TYPES OF BIOMACROMOLECULES The four major groups of organic molecules are - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Lipids - Nucleic acids

10. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). • Commonly known as sugars or carbs • Carbohydrates are used as a primary source of energy for all living organisms (Input for C.R) • Plants use Carbohydrates for structural support (this is why when we eat plants, we take in mainly carbs, as opposed to eating animals who use mainly protein as structural support)

11. TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Carbs vary in size and structure. There are three main categories of carbs Monosaccharide: One sugar molecule Disaccharide: Two sugar molecules Polysaccharide: Three sugar molecules

12. Types of Monosaccharides - C6H12O6

13. MONOSACCHARIDES Monosaccharide = simple sugars Small in size and easily diffuse into and out of a cell They are products of the following chemical reactions, • Photosynthesis • Digestion • Conversion of fats & proteins They are used for • Fuel for respiration • Building larger sugars

14. Types of Disaccharides C12H22O11

15. Disaccharides • Disaccharide = a sugar made from the combination of two monosaccharides • Disaccharides are water-soluble, but cannot diffuse into or out of the cell So how do we use them as energy if they cant diffuse into the cell??????????

16. POLYSACCHARIDES Complex combinations of three or more monosaccharidesAKA – Starch • Large insoluble molecules that cannot diffuse into or out of a cell • Used for long – term energy storage or structural support purposes

17. ANIMAL STARCH GLYCOGEN - storage starch for an organisms supply of Glucose Animals store glycogen in the liver and muscles, it acts as a one day supply of energy

18. ANIMAL STARCH CHITIN– Starch that forms the exoskeleton of insects and arthropods Is also found in the walls of some fungi

19. PLANT STARCH • AMYLOSE:- Surplus glucose storage in chloroplasts • CELLULOSE:- Structural glucose that forms the cell wall in plant cells

20. AMINO ACIDS • Building blocks of proteins • 20 types divided into two categories • Essential = must be ingested (9) • Non-Essential = can be produced in the body

21. AMINO ACID STRUCTURE AMINE (NH2) CARBOXYLIC ACID (COOH) R GROUP(organic variable, different in each of the 20 amino acids and determines behaviour)

22. TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS

23. PEPTIDES Peptide = a compound consisting of two or more amino acids • During the dehydration synthesis of two monomers, a peptide bond forms • Peptide bond is a covalent bond that links amino acids together to create proteins. • Polypeptide = bonding together of numerous amino acids • Proteins are composed of polypeptides in various bond structures

24. PROTEIN • Organic polymers that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen • Made by combining amino acids • 10,000 types found in the body PROTEINS HAVE FOUR STAGES OF STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT • Primary – single polypeptide chain • Secondary – folding into 3d shape • Tertiary – folding held together by bonding • Quaternary - other chains interact forming a protein

25. PRIMARY STRUCTURE -Specific linear sequence of amino acids - Mistakes in sequence and structure will result in a failure to complete function - Some proteins are functional in this structure

26. SECONDARY STRUCTURE • hydrogen bonds are inserted between peptide bonds at regular intervals along the amino acid sequence • This alternation of bonding forms a coil or helix shape or a pleated sheet (folded paper) Beta Strand Alpha Helix

27. Properties of protein structure Pleated proteins are already stretched, this cannot stretchfurther – e.g. silk*this may increase strength Helix proteins canstretched when pulled on, Hydrogen bonds can release, then reattach when the protein re-coils e.g. wool

28. TERTIARY STRUCTURE • Functional group interactions produce hydrophobic regions and van der Waals interactions • Total irregular folding held together by ionic or hydrogen bonds forming a complex shape

29. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE • Two or more polypeptide chains interact to form a protein (eg. Haemaglobin, collagen)

30. PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

31. Denaturing Proteins • Any change in shape, structure, & function of a protein • The protein is now biologically inactive • The protein is said to be “denatured” • Causes of Denaturing: • Alteration of pH • Changes in solute concentration • Changes in environmental conditions • Temperature changes Some proteins may re-nature, others cannot

32. NUCLEIC ACID (Nucleotides) • Nucleotide = monomer containing H,O,N,C, and P • Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic info • When nucleic acids are polymerized they form 1. Ribonucleic Acid(RNA) 2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

33. NUECLIC ACID 3 components BASE + SUGAR + PHOSPHATE

34. BASES Only bonds with Ribose (RNA)

35. DNA BASES • DNA is composed of four nitrogenous bases • The bases are represented by a letter 1) Adenine (A) 2) Guanine (G) 3) Cytosine (C) 4) Thymine (T) • The four bases are divided into two classifications based on their chemical structure 1) Purines = have two rings of carbon (A & G) 2) Pyrimidines = have only one carbon ring (T & C)

36. BASE PAIRING

37. DNA STRUCTURE Single nucleic acid Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate Sugar Phosphate

38. DNAvsRNA The template strand is mirror image of Coding strand This creates a RNA strand that is created matches the Coding strand *If there was only one strand, the mRNA code would be different to the DNA code Coding : C T G A T GRNA: C U G A U G

39. lIPIDS (FATS) • Chemical compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Are the macromolecule exception in that they are not polymers – no chains

40. GLYCEROL + FATTY ACID • Glycerol consists of a 3- carbon skeleton with a hydroxyl group attached • Fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton, often 16 to 18 carbons long • Joined through dehydration synthesis

41. TRIGLYERIDES • Complex lipids • Formed by the linkages of three fatty acid tails to a glycerol head • Triglycerides are a mechanism for storing unused calories

42. SATURATED FATS • Solid at room temp. • Found in animal products • The hydrocarbon tail of this lipid has carbon atoms saturated with hydrogen at each bond site • Contains no double or triple bonds between carbon atoms • “Saturated with Hydrogen atoms”

43. UNSATURATED FAT • Liquids at room temp. • Found in plant & fish oils & legumes • The carbons are not saturated with hydrogen bonds • May contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, this causing bending • *Kink makes accumulation of unsaturated fats more difficult, allows enzymes access to break down fats more easily

44. FAT FUNCTION • Animals: 1.Energy storage 2.Waterproof coverings 3.Insulation 4.Cushioning of organs 5.Cell membranes • Plants: 1.Oils for seed dispersion 2. Cell membranes

45. PHOSPHOLIPID STRUCTURE • Phospholipids are a major components of the cell membranes • The fatty acid tail is hydrophobic (repels H2O) • Phosphate head group is hydrophilic (loves H2O) • Phospholipids interaction with water determine what can and cannot pass the cell membrane

46. PHOSPHOLIPID BI-LAYER • This structure means the membranes can be soluble in water but large water soluble molecules cannot freely pass through it • Water and gases are small enough to move through the membrane gaps

47. STEROIDS • Fat-based molecule composed of four fused carbon rings and a functional group • Chemical basis of many animal hormones • Human hormones include: 1.Cholesterol = nerve cell function 2.Testosterone = male sexual hormone 3.Estrogen & Progesterone = female sexual hormones