Warm-up

1. Warm-up • Update your Table of Contents • Write your homework – have it stamped • Get your “Fungi Assignment” out to be checked! • Get something to grade your test with!

2. Classwork/Homework Research any disease and find out the following: 1) What type of pathogen causes it 2) What the symptoms are 3) How can it be treated 4) Any other interesting info about it 5) Picture Compile all of this information onto a “poster” (printer size paper) that can be displayed for a “Pathogen Poster Walk” so others can learn about your disease as well!

3. Pathogens Cause Disease • We will focus on 4 Types of Pathogens: • Fungi • Bacteria • Viruses • Parasites

4. Fungi Fact Review • Open to your Fungi Notes • What would you ask about on a Fungi quiz?

5. Fungi Pop Quiz • You can keep your notes out – YOU MAY USE ONLY YOUR NOTES! • When you are done, flip it over so we can correct them…you will have 10 minutes!

6. ERT = Everybody Reads To… • Turn to page NC-22 in the back of the book. • We will read one paragraph at a time, discuss the answers to the questions, & then take notes in the box for that topic.

7. ERT Paragraph 1 - Pathogens

8. Pathogens Pathogen - Anything that can cause disease or harm • Also referred to as microbes or germs • Virus, Bacteria & Parasites are the 3 main types of disease spreading pathogens

9. Types of Diseases • Non-communicable: • - Not infectious or contagious • Cannot be passed from person to person • Can be due to genetics, behavior, or environmental factors • EXAMPLES: Cancer, Alzheimer’s, Arthritis, Heart Disease, Diabetes • Communicable: - Infectious or Contagious • Caused by a Microbe entering body and reproducing – Bacteria, Virus, Parasite • Easily spread between individual organisms • EXAMPLES: Cold, Influenza, (Flu) Strep Throat

10. ERT Paragraph 2 - viruses

11. Virus • Composed of DNA or RNA enclosed in a protein shell • NOT LIVING – Needs a host to reproduce • Very small • Vaccines used to treat

12. How a Virus Attacks a Cell… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ

13. ERT Paragraph 3 - bacteria

14. Bacteria • Living organisms • Unicellular, prokaryotic • Larger than viruses, but usually more treatable • Antibiotics used to treat

15. Fun Fact: Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch…

16. Bacteria & Cell Phones • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lmwbBzClAc

17. ERT Paragraph 4 - parasites

18. Parasites • Living organisms that need a host to survive – highly adapted to their host • Unicellular or multicellular • Come in many shapes and sizes

19. Maggots in My Head http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2Ac6RYSvo8 • Tapeworm in My Eye http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVbrXbmPHpo http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/monsters-inside-me/videos/parasites-nest-in-brain.htm

20. Classwork/Homework Research any disease and find out the following: 1) What type of pathogen causes it 2) What the symptoms are 3) How can it be treated 4) Any other interesting info about it 5) Picture Compile all of this information onto a “poster” (printer size paper) that can be displayed for a “Pathogen Poster Walk” so others can learn about your disease as well!

21. Warm-up • Update your Table of Contents • Write your homework – have it stamped • Tape your disease research homework to a wall around the room – MAKE SURE YOUR FIRST & LAST NAME IS VISIBLE ON THE FRONT OF IT!

22. What Was A Pathogen Again…? • Pathogens are anything that cause disease…they are also referred to as microbes and germs

23. What Were the 4 Pathogens We Are Focusing On Again…? • Fungi • Bacteria • Viruses • Parasites

24. Warm Up: Comparing & Contrasting Pathogens Turn to page 5 and answer the following questions: • How are viruses and bacteria similar/different? • How are parasites and viruses similar/different? • How are fungal diseases similar/different to any of the other pathogens? • Which type of pathogen would you consider most serious and why?

25. Pathogen Poster Walk • Which disease did you research? • Walk around and view the various diseases people have researched. • Copy down information for 1 that is different from your own including the name of the disease, the pathogen that causes it, symptoms & treatment!

26. Spreading Disease… How does it happen…LET’S INVESTIGATE!?

27. Finding Patient Zero • Each person will receive a test tube and a syringe • You will carefully go around the room and trade fluids with 3 other people using the syringe • When completed, sit down and write down who you traded with first, second and third

28. Finding Patient Zero • Blue = Negative • Orange = Positive • Green = Carrier

29. Who Figures All of This Out? • An Epidemiologist is a scientist who studies diseases including how they start, spread and how they are treated. (First thing on the note guide)

30. Contagions • Many pathogens are also said to be contagions… • Contagions – capable of being spread by direct or indirect contact (in other words…contagious)

31. How Do Pathogens Cause Harm? • They can change what your cells do • Viruses are specifically good at this, but carcinogens can do this as well Mutagen – something that actually changes or “mutates” the genetic material of an organism

32. How do pathogens spread? • 4 main ways that pathogens are transferred: • Person to person • Food and water • Environment • Animals

33. People to People… • Carrier – a person who is infected and can infect others but may not show the symptoms of the disease themselves

34. Types of Carriers • Symptomatic: - show symptoms of the disease; they are SICK - actively spreading disease particles to others while they are sick • May be coughing, sneezing, have runny nose • EX: Influenza, Chicken Pox, Common Cold 2. Asymptomatic: • Does NOT appear sick • Can still actively spread disease • EX: HIV, Herpes

35. Typhoid Mary • http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/dark-matters-twisted-but-true/videos/true-story-behind-typhoid-mary.htm

36. Food and Water • Contaminated food and water can spread pathogens, below are a few examples: = - Infected animals - Food or water that comes from unsanitary areas or isn’t cleaned - Eating raw or undercooked food

37. Environments • Moist • A lot like water • Average temperatures • Not too hot or too cold • Limited exposure to fresh air • More ability to reproduce • Sunlight • Good for some, bad for others • Food sources • Sugars or decaying material

38. Animals • Vector – Insects and animals that spread disease to humans • EXAMPLES: • Fleas – transmit the plague (bacterial) • Ticks – transmit Lyme disease (bacterial) • Mosquitoes – transmit Malaria (parasitic), West Nile Virus, Yellow Fever (both viral)

39. Treatment/Medicine • Antibiotics – Medicine that prevents the growth and reproduction of bacteria • Vaccines – A weak dose of a virus that helps your immune system kill the real virus later

40. Preventing the Spread… • Eat right, get enough rest, avoid stress • Antibacterial soaps and antimicrobial solutions (don’t overuse) • Antibiotics (don’t overuse) • Get vaccinated • Covering our mouths when we cough or sneeze • Avoid unnecessary contact with people, animals or objects that could be contaminated! • Keep studying diseases and how they adapt and change!

41. Mythbusters: Flu Fiction • How Easily Can Pathogens Really Spread?

42. Warm-up • Update your Table of Contents • Write your homework – have it stamped

43. Quick Recap • Antibiotics treat what type of pathogen? • How do antibiotics work against bacteria? • What are vaccines used for? • How do vaccines prevent viruses? • Why do we not want to overuse antibiotics, antibacterial cleaners? • Describe the job of an epidemiologist. • Why are diseases that are no longer an issue in the United States still a problem in other parts of the world?

44. Quick Recap • People that are infected with a disease are called something different than animals infected with a disease… • What is the difference between a contagion and mutagen? • How do those (contagion & mutagen) relate to communicable vs. non-communicable diseases • Does everyone that is sick show symptoms? • Why is it important to know where the people you associate with have been and who they have been in contact with?

45. The Rate of Spread… • How quickly a disease spreads, and size of the area it spreads to are key factors in the study of epidemiology… • We are going to calculate just how quickly bacteria can replicate…

46. Basic Bacteriology • For each scenario, calculate the rate of growth of bacteria. • You can work with your table partner…and you will probably need a calculator. Bacteria Reproduction Video Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc

47. Example Problem E. coli bacteria divide every 20 minutes. If you have 30 bacteria cells at the beginning of your experiment, how many E. coli cells do you have after 2 hours? Formula: 2number of generations x initial number of bacteria = total number of bacteria present

49. The Rate of Spread… • Outbreak - The Cholera Story John Snow

50. Cholera Background • Cholera is a disease that is spread by bacteria. The onset of cholera can appear with little or no warning, and include symptoms such as diarrhea, acute spasmodic vomiting and painful cramping. The victim can lose up to 5 gallons of liquid within 24 hours consequently causing severe dehydration accompanied by cyanosis, a condition in which the skin turns blue, skin also begins to pucker and become cold…death may occur in as little as a few hours.