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Chapter 8 – Changes in the Balance of Power. What caused the Crimean War? What was the result of the war? How was Austria affected by the settlement?.
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What caused the Crimean War? What was the result of the war? How was Austria affected by the settlement? • There were two issues that caused the Crimean War, however, one was more significant than the other. The Ottoman Empire was largely a Muslim state, yet there were Christians who lived there as well, particularly in Jerusalem. There was conflict between Orthodox Christian(Tsar Nicholas I) and Roman Catholic Christians(Napoleon III) as to how Christian religious ceremonies within the Ottoman Empire would be carried out. The Turkish sultan sided with the Roman Catholics. In response, Nicholas I (Russia) moved troops close to the border.
The second and more important issue that prompted the Crimean War was control of the waterways leading into the Mediterranean. Russia wanted access to the Dardanelles and believed that Britain would have no objections. They were wrong, and when Turkey declared war on Russia in 1853, Britain and France joined Turkey only months later.
. This left Austria in a precarious position; which side would it join? The outcome of the war would affect Austria’s position immensely. If Russia won, it would be a threat to Austria from the east. If France won, it would be a threat from the west. Reluctantly, Austria joined Russia, but did not affect the outcome of the war. The Prussians were not involved in the Crimean War.
. Russia was eventually defeated in 1856 and the Treaty of Paris was signed. The conditions of the treaty: • Russia lost control of the Danube delta • the Black Sea became neutral territory • the position of the Ottoman Empire was guaranteed • the Ottoman Empire continued on, though it was very weak -- this had become apparent • the Italian leader attempted to take advantage of Austria’s weakness and worked toward a united Italy. • signaled the fall of the Hapsburg Empire • women served as nurses in war for the first time
The following were results of the Crimean War: • the Ottoman Empire continued on, though it was very weak -- this had become apparent • the Italian leader attempted to take advantage of Austria’s weakness and worked toward a united Italy. • signaled the fall of the Hapsburg Empire • women served as nurses in war for the first time
How did Napoleon contribute to the unification of the Italian states? What were some of the forces that drew the Italians into a united federation? • The Napoleonic Wars spread national sentiment into the region and prompted Italians to work toward unification. As a result of the Congress of Vienna, the Italian states were governed by Austria, the Roman Catholic Church, or France. Many Italians were tired of being ruled by foreign kings and wanted to unite. Nationalism spread throughout the Italian states and many worked to promoted Italian culture .
The desire for recognition of the Italian states and the Italian culture was known as risorgimento (means resurgence). Secret societies emerged , such as the Carbonari. Mazzini was a member of the Carbonari. He wrote about Italian nationalism and founded a group named Young Italy. It was a group whose goal was a nationalist revolution. He attempted revolution in 1834 but failed. However, he laid the foundation for the unification of the Italian states.
Identify the reforms instituted by Cavour in Piedmont-Sardinia. What did Cavour hope to accomplish by practicing “Realpolitik”? • After the Crimean War, Cavour, the Prime Minister of Sardinia, insisted on a place for Piedmont-Sardinia at the peace talks to follow. This ensured that Italian unification would become an important issue. He favoured constitutional monarchy, and wanted to bring reform both politically and economically. He also wanted judicial and constitutional reform, and improved agriculture, brought about free trade and built up the infrastructure in his state (railroad). He also advocated the separation of church and state. His use of Realpolitik (use of power in foreign and domestic relations) eventually achieved the unification of the northern Italian states.
Explain how Austria lost its control of the northern Italian states. What role did France play? • Cavour wanted to force Austria out of the northern Italian states so that they could unite with Piedmont-Sardinia. He enlisted the help of Napoleon III to reach this goal, even though France did not want the unification of the Italian states. Instead, Napoleon III believed that France would increase its influence over these Italian states. Cavour would provoke Austria into war and Napoleon III would come to its help. Cavour wanted Lombardy and Venetia from Austria and then would annex Tuscany and Romagna. France would receive Nice and Savoy. Together, Cavour and Napoleon III and their troops defeated Austria. This defeat would begin the unification of the Italian states.
How did the states of Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna join Piedmont? How did Venetia become part of the new Italian state? • Even though Piedmont had no intentions of uniting with T, P, M, and R, nationalist fervour became powerful in these states and eventually plebiscites were called. The populations of these states voted in favour of unification with Piedmont. They forced the old rulers out and Tuscany, Parma, Modena and Romagna joined Piedmont. Cavour’’s victory against Austria started a nationalist craze throughout the Italian states. Garibaldi continued the unification of the Italian states until all but Venetia and Rome were united. Italy received Venetia only after fighting alongside Prussia against Austria. Prussia sought to assert itself as the dominant German state and Italy agreed to help in exchange for Venetia (previously under Austrian control). This cause further trouble for the weakening Austrian Empire.
Explain the roles Mazzini and Garibaldi played in Italian unification. • Mazzini laid the foundation for the unification of the Italian states. He attempted revolutions which were not successful, but made Italians aware of the cause of self-determination. He instilled within Italians the desire to overthrow foreign rulers and work toward unification. Garibaldi worked after Cavour’s initial unification of several northern Italian states under Piedmont. Other Italian states worked for unification, through plebiscites and rebellion. Garibaldi led an army known as “Garibaldi’s Thousand” or “Red Shirts”. They brought Sicily, Naples and the Papal states into a united Italy and the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed. Garibaldi then brought Venetia into Italy through negotiations with Bismarck.
Why did Napoleon Iii remove his troops from Rome in 1870? Explain Rome’s relationship to the new Italian state. What happened to the Vatican? • Napoleon removed his troops from Rome in 1870 as a result of the Franco-Prussian War. Napoleon simply could not spare troops in fighting the Prussians. Italians seized the area and in 1871 declared Rome the capital of a united Italy. The Vatican (44 ha) was controlled by the pope. Pope Pius IX was outraged at the reduction in power and withdrew into the Vatican permanently. The papacy did not recognize the united Italian state until 1929 when, according to the Lateran Treaty, the Vatican became an independent state.
