Daily Quote &Question (DQ )

2 Daily Quote &Question (DQ) “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…” -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. SONG FOR THE DAY: 1. WE SHALL OVERCOME WHAT PROGRESS WAS MADE FOR AFRICAN-AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS FROM THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR THROUGH THE KOREAN WAR?

- STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO: -Identify people important to the Civil Rights movement in the 50s and 60s (Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr…) -Evaluate the importance of young people to the Civil Rights movement (Ruby Bridges, Little Rock Nine…) -Describe the importance of Brown vs. Board of Education and identify the major case it overturned -Analyze the importance of “peaceful protest” and the “sit in movement”

“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…” -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Daily Comment & Card 1950s-1960s CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT INCIDENTS -Emmett Till, black teenager, was killed by two white men after supposedly whistling at a white woman—they were acquitted. -in 1960 4 black students in Greensboro, North Carolina sat at a “whites only” lunch counter sparking the sit-in movement -Explosion kills 4 young girls at a church in Birmingham, Alabama (1963) -three college students killed during voter registration drive in Mississippi -1965 group marches from Selma to Birmingham, Alabama for Voting Rights. SONG FOR THE DAY: WE SHALL OVERCOME

“A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives.” -Jackie Robinson Daily Comment & Card 1957 LITTLE ROCK CRISIS -Brown v. Board of Education (1954) called for desegregation of schools -In 1957 the NAACP registered 9 black students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High -Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to try and block the students from entering -President Eisenhower intervened with federal troops. SONG FOR THE DAY: PEOPLE GET READY

“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…” -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Daily Comment & Card 1950s-1960s 1957 CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT INCIDENTS LITTLE ROCK CRISIS -Emmett Till, black teenager, was killed by two white men after supposedly whistling at a white woman—they were acquitted. -in 1960 4 black students in Greensboro, North Carolina sat at a “whites only” lunch counter sparking the sit-in movement -Explosion kills 4 young girls at a church in Birmingham, Alabama (1963) -three college students killed during voter registration drive in Mississippi -1965 group marches from Selma to Birmingham, Alabama for Voting Rights. -Brown v. Board of Education (1954) called for desegregation of schools -In 1957 the NAACP registered 9 black students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High -Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to try and block the students from entering -President Eisenhower intervened with federal troops. SONG FOR THE DAY: WE SHALL OVERCOME

“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…” -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Daily Comment & Card 1954 BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION (OF TOPEKA) -Supreme Court case that challenged “separate but equal” ruling established by Plessy V. Ferguson -Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, held that separate was inherently unequal and instructed states to integrate -Federal troops were used to help 9 black students attend an all-white school in Little Rock, despite mobs and the Arkansas National Guard SONG FOR THE DAY: A CHANGE IS GONNA COME

CIVIL RIGHTS 1950-1965

IN SWEATT V. PAINTER (1950) THE NAACP WON A CASE INVOLVING HERMAN SWEAT (AFRICAN AMERICAN) WHO WANTED TO ATTEND LAW SCHOOL AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. UT HAD CREATED A SEPARATE SCHOOL JUST TO KEEP SWEATT OUT, BUT THE SUPREME COURT RULED THAT THIS FAILED TO QUALIFY AS “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL) SINCE FUTURE LAWYERS NEEDED TO MAKE CONNECTIONS AND SWEAT WOULD BE ISOLATED.

ON MAY 17, 1954, CHIEF JUSTICE EARL WARREN READ THE BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION, TOPEKA, KANSAS DECISION THAT SAID “SEPARATE EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES ARE INHERENTLY UNEQUAL.” THIS ENDED THE TRADITIONAL “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL” RULING FROM THE PLESSY V. FERGUSON CASE.

THE NEW RULING SET THE STAGE FOR THE VIOLENCE THAT WOULD ACCOMPANY DESEGREGATION. IN AUGUST 1955 IN SUMNER, MISSISSIPPI, 14 YEAR OLD EMMETT TILL (VISITING FROM CHICAGO) WAS FOUND SHOT IN THE HEAD WITH HIS BODY MUTILATED FOR FLIRTING WITH A WHITE WOMAN. THE MEN WHO TOOK HIM FROM HIS UNCLE’S HOME WHERE AQUITTED BY AN ALL WHITE JURY…

ON DECEMBER 1, 1955, ROSA PARKS REFUSED TO MOVE TO THE BACK OF THE BUS IN MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. SHE WAS BREAKING ONE OF THE TRADITIONAL “JIM CROW” LAWS. HER REFUSAL AND ARREST LAUNCHED THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT… “THE LONG WALK HOME” IS THE STORY OF TWO WOMEN AND HOW THE BOYCOTT CHANGED THEIR LIVES

THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT BROUGHT TO THE FOREFRONT OF NATIONAL ATTENTION ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVITISTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY… DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. -KING HELPED TO FOUND THE SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE (SCLC) -HE WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF SCLC IN 1957 AND HEADED IT FOR 11 YEARS UNTIL HE WAS ASSASSINATED IN 1968. -GOAL WAS COORDINATING CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVITIES. -KING WAS AWARDED A NOBEL PEACE PRIZE IN 1964.

THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 WAS PASSED BY THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION TO INCREASE AFRICAN-AMERICAN VOTING IN THE SOUTH. THE ACT CREATED THE CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION AND ESTABLISHED A CIVIL RIGHTS DIVISION IN THE U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT. IT GAVE FEDERAL COURTS THE POWER TO REGISTER AFRICAN-AMERICAN VOTERS…THIS SET THE PATTERN FOR LATER CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION.

ONE OF THE MOST NOTORIOUS CLASHES OVER SEGREGATION OCCURRED AT LITTLE ROCK’S CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL (ARKANSAS). IN SEPTEMBER OF 1957, NINE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS WERE SCHEDULED TO ATTEND THE ALL WHITE SCHOOL. ELIZABETH ECKFORD’S FAMILY DID NOT HAVE A PHONE SO SHE WAS NOT TOLD THAT THEY HAD CANCELED THE ATTEMPT TO ATTEND ON SEPTEMBER 4TH. SHE ALONE WAS GREETED BY AN ANGRY MOB. GOVERNOR ORVAL FAUBUS ORDER THE ARKANSAS NATIONAL GUARD TO SURROUND THE SCHOOL AND PREVENT AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS FROM ENTERING.

-NINE STUDENTS DID NOT ACTUALLY ENTER THE SCHOOL UNTIL SEPTMEBER 23. -UNTIL THE END OF SCHOOL, FEDERAL PARATROOPERS (ORDERED IN BY PRES. EISENHOWER) ESCORTED THE NINE STUDENTS TO AND FROM CLASS. -ERNEST GREEN BECAME THE FIRST BLACK GRADUATE OF CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL AT THE END OF THAT YEAR. IN RETALIATION, ARKANSAS CLOSED ALL OF ITS PUBLIC SCHOOLS THE NEXT YEAR. AFTER THE SUPREME COURT RULED THIS UNCONSTITUTIONAL, ARKANSAS SCHOOLS REOPENED FULLY INTEGRATED THE NEXT YEAR.

SEVERAL SOUTHERN GOVERNORS CLAIMED THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WAS INTERFERING IN STATE MATTERS AND PLEDGED TO RESIST DESEGREGATION TO KEEP THE STATUS QUO (EXISTING SYSTEM). IN 1963, ALABAMA GOVERNOR GEORGE WALLACE RECEIVED NATIONAL ATTENTION WHEN HE STOOD IN THE DOOR TO THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN AJ ATTEMPT TO PREVENT TWO AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS FROM ENROLLING. LESTER MADDOX WHO WOULD LATER BECOME THE GOVERNOR OF GEORGIA HAD CLOSED HIS OWN RESTAURANT IN 1964 BEFORE HE WOULD ALLOW AFRICAN-AMERICANS TO ENTER. THROUGHOUT THE 1950s AND 1960s, THE SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS IN CONGRESS BANDED TOGETHER TO BLOCK ATTEMPTS TO PASS FEDERAL CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION. MANY WERE VERY POWERFUL MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.

THE PEACEFUL “SIT IN” MOVEMENT BEGAN IN GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA WHEN FOUR YOUNG COLLEGE STUDENTS DARED TO SIT AT THE WOOLWORTH’S “WHITES ONLY” LUNCH COUNTER-- FEBRUARY 1, 1960. *THE PEACEFUL PROTEST WAS THE CORNERSTONE OF KING’S STRUGGLE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS. TODAY THAT COUNTER IS ON DISPLAY AT THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE.

Please, God, try to forgive those peopleBecause even if they say those bad things,They don't know what they're doing.So You could forgive them,Just like You did those folks a long time agoWhen they said terrible things about You. -PRAYER OF RUBY BRIDGES (1960) IN 1960, FIVE YEAR OLD RUBY BRIDGES WAS SELECTED TO BE ONE OF THE FIRST TO INTEGRATE NEW ORLEANS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. FOR A YEAR THE KINDERGARTEN GIRL FACED ANGRY MOBS AND ENTERED A CLASS WHERE SHE AND HER TEACHER WERE ALONE BECAUSE OTHER PARENTS PULLED THEIR CHILDREN OUT OF THE SCHOOL. “RUBY BRIDGES” IS THE STORY OF THIS BRAVE YOUNG GIRL

IN MAY 1961, CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS TURNED THEIR ATTENTION TOWARD INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION. THE “FREEDOM RIDES” WERE DEVELOPED IN THE HOPES THAT AN INTERRACIAL BUS TRIP THROUGH THE SOUTH WOULD LEAD TO MORE FEDERAL INTERVENTION AND THE END OF JIM CROW LAWS…

…THIS WAS TRUE, BUT ONLY AFTER THE 13 PEOPLE ON BOARD THE BUS (7 BLACK, 6 WHITE) WERE ATTACKED ALONG THE WAY. WHEN THEY GOT TO ALABAMA, TWO BUSES WERE TAKEN. ONE BUS HAD WINDOWS BROKEN AND ITS TIRES SLASHED.A FIREBOMB WAS THROWN THROUGH THE REAR WINDOW.

THE SECOND BUS WAS MET BY A MOB IN BIRMINGHAM THEY PULLED THE RIDERS FROM THE BUS AND BEGAN BEATING THEM WITH CLUBS AND LEAD PIPES. ONE RIDER NEEDED 50 STITCHES ON HIS HEAD, ANOTHER WAS LEFT PARALYZED FOR LIFE. AMERICANS WATCHING THE NEWS ON MAY 14, 1961 WERE SHOCKED. THE FREEDOM RIDES WERE TEMPORARILY HALTED… FURTHER ATTEMPTS ENDED IN ARRESTS…

JAMES MEREDITH WAS THE FIRST TO CHALLENGE THE “WHITES ONLY” UNIVERSITY SYSTEMS. MEREDITH, A FORMER AIR FORCE STAFF SERGEANT, WANTED TO ATTEND THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI. HIS FIRST ATTEMPT WAS BLOCKED BY GOV. ROSS BARNETT HIMSELF. HE WAS ONLY ALLOWED TO REGISTER ON HIS THIRD TRY (ESCORTED BY FEDERAL TROOPS). THE TROOPS STAYED FOR THE YEAR TO ENSURE HIS PROTECTION. HE GRADUATED IN 1963 WITH A DEGREE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE.

ON JUNE 13, 1963, MEDGAR EVERS (FIELD SECRETARY FOR THE NAACP) WAS SHOT IN HIS OWN DRIVEWAY. ALTHOUGH BYRON DE LA BECKWITH OPENLY BRAGGED ABOUT COMMITTING THE MURDER, HE WAS ACQUITTED TWICE. IT WAS NOT UNTIL 30 YEARS LATER THAT HE WAS TRIED AND SENTENCED TO LIFE IN PRISON (HE WAS 73). THE STORY OF HOW HIS MURDERER WAS FINALLY CONVICTED CAN BE SEEN IN “THE GHOSTS OF MISSISSIPPI.”

ON AUGUST 28, 1963 MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. GAVE HIS FAMOUS “I HAVE A DREAM” SPEECH AT THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL DURING THE “MARCH ON WASHINGTON.” MORE THAN 200,000 PEOPLE ATTENDED… “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…”

DR. KING BELIEVED IN NOV-VIOLENCE—THAT PASSIVE RESISTANCE TO UNJUST LAWS COULD CHANGE THE ATTITUDES OF OPPRESSORS (LIKE THOREAU AND GANDHI). KING LED A MARCH IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA AND WAS ARRESTED. HE WROTE “LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL” EXPLAINING THE REASONS WHY AFRICAN AMERICANS COULD NO LONG WAIT PATIENTLY FOR THEIR RIGHTS. HE SAID CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE WAS JUSTIFIED BECAUSE “EVERYONE HAS A MORAL RESPONSIBILITY TO DISOBEY UNJUST LAWS.” ONE PROMININET SUPPORTER OF CIVIL RIGHTS WAS BILLY GRAHAM, A CHRISTIAN PREACHER AND SPIRITUAL ADVISER TO SEVERAL U.S. PRESIDENTS . HE WAS AN OUTSPOKEN OPPONENT OF SEGREGATION AND EVEN BAILED DR. KING OUT OF JAIL. THE TWO DID A REVIVAL TOUR IN 1957. HE WAS ONE OF THE FIRST PREACHERS TO ADDRESS LARGE CROWEDS BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN.

18 DAYS AFTER THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON, A BOMB EXPLODED AT THE SIXTEENTH STREET BAPTIST CHURCH IN BIRMINGHAM KILLING FOUR LITTLE GIRLS… (SEPTEMBER 15, 1963) DENISE MCNAIR CYNTHIA WESLEY CAROLE ROBERTSON ADDIE MAE COLLINS Bobby Frank Cherry went to jail in 2002 for the bombing. “SINS OF THE FATHER” TELLS OF HOW ONE OF THE MEN RESPONSIBLE WAS FINALLY BROUGHT TO JUSTICE IN 2002. (WITH THE TESTIMONY OF FAMILY MEMBERS) PRESIDENT KENNEDY WAS ASSASSINATED ON NOVEMBER 22.

BOMBINGS WERE NOT UNCOMMON. IN BIRMINGHAM THERE WERE 18 UNSOLVED BOMBINGS BETWEEN 1957 AND 1963… MARCHERS WERE MET WITH ARRESTS, FIREHOSES, AND POLICE DOGS… (EVEN WHEN THEY WERE CHILDREN)

A MARCH FROM SELMA-TO-MONTGOMERY WAS PLANNED FOR MARCH 7, 1964. 600 MARCHERS SET OUT BUT WERE CONFRONTED BY ALABAMA STATE TROOPERS WITH CLUBS AND TEAR GAS. THIS CAME TO BE KNOWN AS “BLOODY SUNDAY.” IT WAS ALL CAPTURED ON NATIONAL TELEVISION… THEY TRIED AGAIN ON MARCH 9 AND WERE STOPPED…

FINALLY ON MARCH 16 A DISTRICT COURT JUDGE RULED THEY HAD THE LEGAL RIGHT TO MARCH…THE PRESIDENT ORDERED THE ALABAMA NATIONAL GUARD ALONG WITH REGULAR ARMY AND FEDERAL MARSHALLS TO PROTECT THE MARCHERS…(JOHNSON ANNOUNCED HIS INTENTION TO SUBMIT A VOTING RIGHTS BILL TO CONGRESS) PROTESTORS, BLACK AND WHITE, MARCHED ON MARCH 21. BY THE TIME THEY REACHED MONTGOMERY 4 DAYS LATER, THEY NUMBERED 25,000… “SELMA LORD SELMA” IS A MOVIE ABOUT A YOUNG GIRL’S PARTICIPATION IN THE MARCH “”SELMA” IS THE RECENT MOVIE ABOUT THESE EVETNS.

IN THE SUMMER OF 1964, THREE YOUNG MEN WORKING FOR SNCC (STUDENT NON-VIOLENT COORDINATING COMMITTEE) DISAPPEARED IN MISSISSIPPI… THEIR BODIES WERE LATER FOUND; THEY’D BEEN SHOT AND AT LEAST ONE WAS BURIED ALIVE… “MISSISSIPPI BURNING” TELLS THE STORY OF SCHWERNER, GOODMAN, AND CHANNEY 21 WHITE MEN WERE ARRESTED. 6 EVENTUALLY SERVED TIME FOR “VIOLATING THE CIVIL RIGHTS” OF THE VICTIMS

WITHIN TWO WEEKS, PRESIDENT JOHNSON SIGNED THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. (IT FOCUSED ON DISCRIMINATION IN PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS AND SET UP THE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION).

THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT; HOWEVER, WAS NOT ENOUGH—IT DID NOT ADDRESS THE RIGHTS OF VOTING GUARANTEED BY THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT. THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 ASSURED AFRICAN-AMERICANS OF THE RIGHT TO VOTE THAT SHOULD HAVE BEEN THEIRS 100 YEARS EARLIER WITH THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR.

15TH 19TH 24th amendment (1964) NO POLL TAX (VA, AL, MS, TX, AK)

1896—PLESSY V FERGUSON “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL” • 1920s—HARLEM RENAISSANCE • 1936—JESSE OWENS WINS 4 GOLD MEDALS (BERLIN) • 1939—MARION ANDERSON SINGS ON LINCOLN • MEMORIAL STEPS • 1947—JACKIE ROBINSON BREAKS COLOR BARRIER IN • PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL • 1948—EX ORDER 9981 INTEGRATES U.S. MILITARY • --BROWN V BOARD SAYS NO SEPARATE BUT EQUAL • SCHOOLS ORDERED TO INTEGRATE • 1955—ROSA PARKS REFUSES TO GIVE UP SEAT • 1957—LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL INTEGRATED • 1960—SIT IN MOVEMENT BEGINS • 1963—DR. KING GIVES “I HAVE A DREAM” SPEECH • 1964—”BLOODY SUNDAY” MARCH TO SELMA • CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 • 1965-VOTING RIGHTS ACT • 24TH AMENDMENT (NO POLL TAX)

Daily Quote &Question (DQ )