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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

This module explores the history and development of psychology, from its roots in ancient Greek philosophy to the emergence of modern scientific approaches. It covers influential thinkers and perspectives, such as Aristotle, Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, and the different levels of analysis in psychology. Additionally, it highlights the various subfields and career opportunities in the field of psychology.

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Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches

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  1. Unit 1:Psychology’s History and Approaches

  2. Module 01:Psychology’s History

  3. Psychology’s Roots Aristotle

  4. Psychology’s RootsPrescientific Psychology • Ancient Greeks: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle • Rene Descartes • Francis Bacon • John Locke • Tabula Rasa (blank slate) • Empiricism

  5. Psychology’s RootsPsychological Science is Born • Wilhelm Wundt (1879) • First laboratory to • study humans • Reaction time experiment • G. Stanley Hall

  6. Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Structure • Edward Titchener • Structuralism • introspection

  7. Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Function • William James • Functionalism

  8. Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Function • Mary Calkins • Margaret Floy Washburn • Experimental psychology

  9. Psychological Science Develops

  10. Psychological Science Develops • Sigmund Freud • emphasized the • importance of the • unconscious mind • and its effects on • human behavior.

  11. Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism • John B. Watson • Little Albert experiment

  12. Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism • B.F. Skinner • “study of observable behavior” • operant conditioning

  13. Psychological Science Develops • Humanistic psychology • Carl Rogers • Abraham Maslow • Cognitive Neuroscience

  14. Psychological Science Develops • Psychology • Science • Behavior • Mental processes

  15. Module 02:Psychology’s Big Issues and Approaches

  16. Psychology’s Biggest Question

  17. Psychology’s Biggest Question • Nature – Nurture Issue • Biology versus experience • History • Greeks • Rene Descartes • Charles Darwin • Natural selection

  18. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

  19. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis • Levels of Analysis • Biological • Psychological • Social-cultural • Biopsychosocial Approach

  20. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

  21. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

  22. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

  23. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

  24. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives • Behavioral perspective • Biological perspective • Cognitive perspective • Evolutionary perspective • Humanistic perspective • Psychodynamic perspective • Social-cultural perspective

  25. Psychology’s Subfields

  26. Psychology’s Subfields • Psychometrics • Basic Research • Biological psychologists • Developmental psychologists • Cognitive psychologists • Educational psychologists • Personality psychologists • Social psychologists

  27. Psychology’s Subfields • Applied Research • Industrial/organizational psychologists • Human factors psychologists • Counseling psychologists • Clinical psychologists • Psychiatrists • Positive psychology • Community psychologists

  28. Module 03:Careers in Psychology

  29. Basic Research Subfields

  30. Basic Research Subfields • Cognitive psychologists • Developmental psychologists • Educational psychologists • Experimental psychologists • Psychometric and Quantitative Psychologists • Social psychologists

  31. Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997

  32. Applied Research Subfields

  33. Applied Research Subfields • Forensic psychologists • Health psychologists • Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists • Neuropsychologists • Rehabilitation psychologists • School psychologists • Sport psychologists

  34. The Helping Professions

  35. The Helping Professions • Clinical psychologists • Community psychologists • Counseling psychologists

  36. Psychological Associations & Societies The American Psychological Association is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.

  37. Close-up Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R) • Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads. • Question: Ask questions. Make notes. • Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and chapters in entirety. • Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes. • Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes.

  38. Definition Slides

  39. Empiricism = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

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