CHAPTER 22 FOREIGN POLICY AND DEFENSE

1. CHAPTER 22 FOREIGN POLICY AND DEFENSE

2. I. Development of Foreign Policy • The president of the United States exercises great powers, especially in the area of foreign policy. Even with the best advice of military and diplomatic experts, the U.S. president must make final, sometimes agonizing, decisions about the lives and safety of Americans. President Johnson confessed his deep worries about the growing conflict in Vietnam in these words: “I stayed awake last night thinking of this thing [the conflict] . . It looks to me like we are getting into another Korea . . . I don’t think we can fight them more than 10,000 miles away from home . . . And I don’t think that we can get out.”

3. A. Goals of Foreign Policy (pages 607–609) 1. Foreign policy guides the nation’s relations with other countries. 2. Principal goals of American foreign policy: a) preserve the security of the United States b) maintain trade and preserve access to natural resources c) work for world peace d) aid democratic nations and help create democracies; e) provide help for victims of natural disasters.

4. B. Development of Foreign Policy (pages 609–613) 1. In the early years the nation’s leaders followed a path of isolationism. 2. In 1823 the Monroe Doctrine ended the isolationism. 3. By the 1890s the United States had become a world power. 4. The United States became involved in foreign wars in 1898, 1917, and 1941. 5. After World War II the United States struggled with the Soviet Union in the Cold War, leading to a costly arms race between the two superpowers.

5. B. Development of Foreign Policycontinued 6. The United States adopted a policy known as containment to keep Soviet communism from expanding its power. 7. The Truman Doctrine in 1947 outlined the Marshall Plan, providing economic aid to nations threatened by totalitarian regimes. 8. The United States fought two wars that were the consequence of containment: the Korean War (1950–1953) and the Vietnam War (1964–1973).

6. B. Development of Foreign Policy continued 9. In 1989 the Soviet Union collapsed, splitting into Russia and 14 other separate nations; this ended the Cold War and changed the political environment of the world. 10. In the years after the Cold War, the United States sent troops to Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, and the former Yugoslavia in order to protect American trade interests, encourage democracy, and advance human rights. 11. In the Persian Gulf War, the United States defended Kuwait against Iraq, protected American oil interests in the Middle East, and began programs aimed at preventing Iraq from developing weapons of mass destruction.

7. B. Development of Foreign Policy continued 12. The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States led to President George W. Bush’s war on terrorism and the preemptive invasion of Iraq. 13. After the initial military deployment, the United States kept a large number of troops in Iraq and pledged long-term aid toward the development of a stable democratic government there.

8. II. Foreign Policy In Action The United States fought the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 to stop the spread of communism in Asia. More than 54,000 Americans were killed, and more than 4 million people, most of them civilians in North and South Korea, lost their lives. Under the truce agreement that finally ended the war, Korea was divided into two nations separated by a demilitarized zone near the 38th parallel. American troops were stationed along this zone to protect South Korea from future attack. Today, a half century later, troops remain there.

9. A. Alliances and Pacts (pages 627–629) 1. The United States has committed itself to defending three regions of the world: a) Western Europe and the North Atlantic, b) Central and South America, and c) the island nations of the South Pacific. 2. After World War II, the United States and several Western European nations formed NATO to protect themselves from domination by the Soviet Union. 3. After the Cold War ended, NATO’s role changed: NATO expanded its mission to include global crisis intervention and peacekeeping, opened membership to former Soviet satellite nations, and formed a partnership with Russia.

10. A. Alliances and Pacts continued 4. In 1947 the United States and Latin American nations signed the Rio Pact, a mutual defense treaty, and in 1948 formed the Organization of American States (OAS). 5. The United States has a regional security pact with Australia and New Zealand. 6 The United States also has bilateral treaties with Japan, the Philippines, and Korea

11. B. Foreign Aid Programs (page 629) 1. The United States offers friendly nations military support in the form of grants or loans to buy U.S. armaments. 2. The United States provides loans and technical assistance to help developing nations.

12. C. Economic Sanctions (page 630) 1. The United States sometimes denies benefits to nations that follow policies it dislikes. 2. It does so by applying sanctions or withholding loans, arms, or economic aid.

13. D. The Use of Military Force (page 630) 1. The United States has, on occasion, had to use military force to settle disputes with other nations. 2. Since World War II, the United States has committed troops in Korea, Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, the Persian Gulf, Haiti, and Bosnia.