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Design History

Design History. Year Dot - 2000. Year Dot – 5000BC. Our ancestors had to design and make all the things to help them survive Skin, bones, sticks and leaves Earliest known: stone tools (2.5 million years ago) Stone Age: 30,000 years ago Bronze Age: 10,000 years ago Iron Age: 3,000 years ago

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Design History

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  1. Design History Year Dot - 2000

  2. Year Dot – 5000BC • Our ancestors had to design and make all the things to help them survive • Skin, bones, sticks and leaves • Earliest known: stone tools (2.5 million years ago) • Stone Age: 30,000 years ago • Bronze Age: 10,000 years ago • Iron Age: 3,000 years ago • By end of last Ice Age Europeans clearly interested in appearance over function

  3. 5000 BC – 400 AD • Bronze discovered by accident (3600 BC) • The plough: 3500 BC (farming economies) • Neolithic’s responsible for potter’s wheel • The bow lathe: 3000 BC (furniture) • Beginning of trade (1600 BC) – leads to a need for transportation, book keeping & writing tools • ‘Keeping up with the Jones’ – status through possession • Mass production? ¾ million Roman nails found by Hadrian’s Wall (AD 87)

  4. 400 – 1800 BC • Invention of paper and gunpowder (1400) • Paper – transformed the transmission of ideas • Johannes Gutenberg (German) (1400): developed the first movable type printing method – mass production, the basis of consumerism • The first illustrated encyclopaedia – 1493 • The foundations of the industrial age – 1650 • The first successful coal-powered engine – 1712 • James Watt – perfected his design for steam engines (1769) • Neoclassical – Chippendale furniture (1718 – 1779)

  5. 1800 - 1850 • Michael Farraday designed the first electric motor in 1821 • Joseph Henry perfected his electromagnetic motor in 1821 • Frederick William Herschel invents contact lenses – 1827 • Louis Daguerre & William Henry Fox Talbot – designed the first cameras (1830) • 1837 – London School of Design • Michael Thonet in 1842 perfected a method of bending strips of laminated beechwood – led to his mass produced No. 14 chair

  6. 1851 • The Great Exhibition (of Industry of All Nations) – 1st May • Devised by Prince Albert • Joseph Paxton designed the Crystal palace in Hyde Park (pre-fab) • Exhibited ‘naturalism’ – flowers & leaves • Demonstrated the gap between design in Europe & America: • Europe: usefulness second • America: mass production to improve the quality of life

  7. 1860 - 1900 • Alexander Graham Bell – invented the telephone in 1876 • Lewis Edson Waterman – designed the first fountain pen (1884) • William Morris – influential craftsman on European Design, critical of mechanisation • Birth of Arts & Crafts Movement • Morris loathed Mass Production but understood its place – he wanted products to be made well. • Art Nouveau (1895 – 1905) – ‘the evocation of the spirit of the plant’ (not popular in Britain)

  8. 1890 - 1910 • Art Nouveau descended over Europe – rich ornamentation • Roots in natural forms of Arts & Crafts • Lasted until about 1914 • Which way to go? No war, improved communication between artists & designers • What are the principles of design? Encouraged by Studio Magazine (1893) • Henry van de Velde – pioneer of the Deutscher Werkbund (1907) – believed the need for well-designed mass-produced goods • Charles Rennie Mackintosh – straight lines and simplicity

  9. 1917 - 1926 • De Stijl was first formed in 1917 as a magazine • Led by Theo van Doesburg • Used primary colours, divided areas with straight black lines • Influential designer – Gerrit Thomas Reitveld (Red/Blue Chair) • Lasted until 1926

  10. 1919 - 1935 • Design school born in Weimar, Germany • Established by Walter Gropius, a machine age successor of William Morris • ‘Truth to material’ • ‘Form follows function’ • Craftsmanship, art & architecture overlapped • The Bauhaus

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