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/ f nAl dZi /

√. √. / f nAl dZi /. / t /. [/]. [t˘]. [tH]. [t]. /water/. [ice]. [steam]. [water]. /water/. Prototype. [ice]. [steam]. [water]. /t/ & [t] phones, phonemes, allophones. / t /. [/]. [t˘]. [tH]. [t]. Phonemic - phonetic. / p√k /. [pH√k | ]. Phone, phoneme, allophone.

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/ f nAl dZi /

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  1. √ √ /f nAl dZi/ /t/ [/] [t˘] [tH] [t] English 306A; Harris

  2. /water/ [ice] [steam] [water] English 306A; Harris

  3. /water/ Prototype [ice] [steam] [water] English 306A; Harris

  4. /t/ & [t]phones, phonemes, allophones /t/ [/] [t˘] [tH] [t] English 306A; Harris

  5. Phonemic - phonetic /p√k/ [pH√k|] English 306A; Harris

  6. Phone, phoneme, allophone [tH] [t] [/] = /t/ [t|] [t˘] [R] English 306A; Harris

  7. Phone, phoneme, allophone Phone: a speech sound Phoneme: set of related speech sounds Allophone: a member of a set of related speech sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a phoneme) /t/ [tH] English 306A; Harris

  8. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Phoneme • Represented by one of the allophones (the least predictable, most basic one), but not pronounceable • A critical diagnostic: the minimal pair pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil English 306A; Harris

  9. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Allophone • [tH]is not “an allophone”, it is “an allophone of/t/(in English)” English /t/ [tH] English 306A; Harris

  10. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Allophone • A phone can be an allophone of more than one phoneme (in a given language). English /t/ /d/ [R] English 306A; Harris

  11. Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear • [R], [d],[D] Spanish English English 306A; Harris

  12. Phoneme*: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear • [R], [d],[D] * Phonemicdistinctions English 306A; Harris

  13. Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone*: hard to hear • [R], [d],[D] * Allophonesof the samephoneme English 306A; Harris

  14. Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear English 306A; Harris

  15. Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear English 306A; Harris

  16. [R] [d] [D] [d] [R] [r] [D] Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear /d/ /d/ /r/ /D/ English 306A; Harris

  17. Phone, phoneme, allophone • Allophone • A critical diagnostic: complementary distribution • Phonetic similarity + mutually exclusive neighborhoods [pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|] English 306A; Harris

  18. Phonological processes • Allophonic patterns • The same alternations with classes of related sounds • Phonological rules • Expressions in a formal notation for describing (‘predicting’) such alterations [pHIl] [tHIl] [kHIl X  Y ⁄ W  Z English 306A; Harris

  19. Phonological processes • Allophonic patterns • The same alternations with classes of related sounds [pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|] [tHIl] [stIl] [lIt|] [kHIl] [skIl] [lIk|] English 306A; Harris

  20. Phonological processes [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] Phones Voiceless stops English 306A; Harris

  21. Phonological processes PhonemesVoiceless stops /p//t//k/ [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] Phones Voiceless stops English 306A; Harris

  22. Phonological processes PhonemesVoiceless stops /p//t//k/ [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] Allophones and phones and voiceless stops English 306A; Harris

  23. Phonological processesPhonological rules • Express allophonic regularities • Have the form: X  Y ⁄ W  Z English 306A; Harris

  24. +stop -voice +syllabic +stress  +aspirated /  /p//t//k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English [pH] [tH] [kH][p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] English 306A; Harris

  25. +stop -voice  -release ⁄ # /p//t//k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English [pH] [tH] [kH][p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] English 306A; Harris

  26. ???  ???? ⁄ ??? ??? NO rule /p//t//k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English [pH] [tH] [kH][p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] English 306A; Harris

  27. -voice+stop +syllabic+stress  [+aspirated] /  Phonological processesSome English rules Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings of stressed syllables Stops (voiced and voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words This rule applies to ALL English stops, not just the voiceless one [+stop]  [-released] ⁄ # English 306A; Harris

  28. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gon) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) Complementary distribution English 306A; Harris

  29. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gon) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? English 306A; Harris

  30. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gone) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? [+syllabic] English 306A; Harris

  31. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gone) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule?  [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  32. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gone) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? ⁄  [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  33. Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got)[gA‚n](gone) [bEt|](bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m] (rim) What’s the rule? [+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄  [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  34. Vowel length: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ˘d|](bad) [gAt|](got)[gA˘d|](god, God) [bEt|](bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck)[m√˘g|](mug) [lAk|](lock)[lA˘g|](log) [rIp|](rip)[rI˘b|] (rib) Complementary distribution English 306A; Harris

  35. Vowel length: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ˘d|](bad) [gAt|](got)[gA˘d|](god, God) [bEt|](bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck)[m√˘g|](mug) [lAk|](lock)[lA˘g|](log) [rIp|](rip)[rI˘b|] (rib) What’s the rule? English 306A; Harris

  36. Vowel length: English [bQt|](bat)[bQ˘d|](bad) [gAt|](got)[gA˘d|](god, God) [bEt|](bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck)[m√˘g|](mug) [lAk|](lock)[lA˘g|](log) [rIp|](rip)[rI˘b|] (rib) What’s the rule? [+syllabic]  [+long] ⁄  [+voice] English 306A; Harris

  37. English vowel allophones [Q], [Q˘], [Q‚] [A], [A˘], [A‚] [E], [E˘], [E‚] [√], [√], [√] [I], [I˘], [I‚] etc. ˜ ˘ English 306A; Harris

  38. ˜ i.e., V, V:, V /V/ [V:] / [+voice] [V] / [+nasal] [V] / elsewhere ˜ English vowel allophones [Q], [Q˘], [Q‚] [A], [A˘], [A‚] [E], [E˘], [E‚] [√], [√], [√] [I], [I˘], [I‚] etc. ˜ ˘ English 306A; Harris

  39. English vowel allophones /V/ [V:] / [+voice] [V] / [+nasal] [V] / elsewhere ˜ [+syllabic]  [+long] ⁄ [+voice] [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  40. Nasalization: Scots Gaelic [mo)˘r](big) [mu)](about) [ni)](cattle)[ne)˘l](cloud) [fuar ](cold) [¬iuF](wet) Complementary distribution English 306A; Harris

  41. Nasalization Progressive Regressive English Scots Gaelic [bQ‚˘n](ban)[mu)](about) [gA‚˘n](gone)[ne)˘l](cloud) A S S I M I L A T I O N English 306A; Harris

  42. What’s the rrrrrrrule? Nasalization: Scots Gaelic [mo)˘r](big) [mu)](about) [ni)](cattle)[ne)˘l](cloud) [fuar ](cold) [¬iuF](wet) [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal] English 306A; Harris

  43. Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs](to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul](to gather)[pu˘l](moon) [/er](near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part) English 306A; Harris

  44. Minimal pairs Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs](to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul](to gather)[pu˘l](moon) [/er](near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part) English 306A; Harris

  45. Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs](to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul](to gather)[pu˘l](moon) [/er](near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part) i.e., V, V: /V/, /V:/ English 306A; Harris

  46. Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs](to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul](to gather)[pu˘l](moon) [/er](near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part) What’s the rule? i.e., V, V: /V/, /V:/ English 306A; Harris

  47. Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs](to topple) [TI˘s] (a post) [pul](to gather)[pu˘l](moon) [/er](near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part) What’s the rule? None! There is no allophonic variation in the data. English 306A; Harris

  48. Aspiration: Khmer [pç˘N](to wish) [pHç˘N](also) [tçp](to support) [tHçp](be suffocated) [kat](to cut) [kHat](to polish) English 306A; Harris

  49. Aspiration: Khmer [pç˘N](to wish) [pHç˘N](also) [tçp](to support) [tHçp](be suffocated) [kat](to cut) [kHat](to polish) Minimal pairs English 306A; Harris

  50. Aspiration: Khmer [pç˘N](to wish) [pHç˘N](also) [tçp](to support) [tHçp](be suffocated) [kat](to cut) [kHat](to polish) /p/, /pH//t/, /tH//k/, /kH/ Minimal pairs English 306A; Harris

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