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Chapter 37

Chapter 37. Protection, Support, Movement. Integument. Protection Physical Dehydration Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensation Metabolic functions Blood reservoir Excretion of wastes Respiration (amphibians). Integument. Cuticle Hardened outer covering Exoskeleton

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Chapter 37

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  1. Chapter 37 Protection, Support, Movement

  2. Integument • Protection • Physical • Dehydration • Body temperature regulation • Cutaneous sensation • Metabolic functions • Blood reservoir • Excretion of wastes • Respiration (amphibians)

  3. Integument • Cuticle • Hardened outer covering • Exoskeleton • Roundworms, most arthropods • Protein or chitin

  4. Integument • Skin • Softer, ketatin-containing outer covering • Associated tissues (scales, hair, feathers, beaks, horns, nails, etc.) • Vertebrates

  5. Integument • Epidermis • Stratified squamous epithelium • Keratinocytes • Keratin—water-proofing protein • Melanocytes • Melanin—pigment & sunscreen

  6. Integument • Dermis • Mostly dense irregular connective tissue • Cushion body against stretch & stress • Blood, lymph, nervous tissue • Hypodermis • Mostly adipose tissue

  7. Integument • Sweat glands • “True sweat” • Eccrine • Apocrine • Ceruminous (ears) • Mammary • Sebaceous glands

  8. Integument • Chromatophores • Skin & eye color in ectotherms • Melanocytes in birds & mammals • Color change • Pigment translocation • Cephalopods—muscles surround elastic cell, change it’s shape

  9. Skeleton • Hydrostatic skeleton • Cnidarians, platyhelminthes, annelids, nematodes • Fluid cavity surrounded by muscles • Change shape for support & movment • Exoskeleton • Mollusks, arthropods • Calcium carbonate or chitin • Limits growth, but more strength, site for muscles • Endoskeleton • Echinoderms, vertebrates • Supports greater weight • Doesn’t limit growth

  10. Skeleton • Ecdysis • Moulting of exoskeleton • Continuous growth of arthropods not possible • Must periodically shed exoskeleton & allow rapid growth • Steps: • Cuticle separates from epidermis • New cuticle secreted by epidermis • Old cuticle shed • Animal inflates body w/ air or water to expand new cuticle • New cuticle dehydrates & hardens • Animal vulnerable during this time • Soft shelled crabs

  11. Skeleton • Bone functions • Support • Protection • Movement • Storage • Hematopoiesis • Blood cell production

  12. Skeleton • Shape • Long • Short • Flat • Irregular • Location • Axial • Appendicular

  13. Skeleton • Compact bone • Spongy bone • Hyaline cartilage • Periosteum • Yellow marrow—fat storage • Red marrow—blood cell production • Ligaments—bone to bone • Tendons—muscle to bone

  14. Skeleton • Osteocytes • Osteoblasts • Osteoclasts • Haversian (central) canal

  15. Bones to know…. • Mandible • Maxilla • Zygomatic • Sternum • Rib • Scapula • Clavicle

  16. Bones to know… • Humerus • Ulna • Radius • Carpals • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals

  17. Bone Disorders • Osteomalacia (adults), Rickets (children) • Vitamin D deficiency • Reduction in calcium in bones • Soft bone, easily bent or broken • Osteoporosis • Osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblasts • Hormonal influences • Nutritional influences • Brittle, weak bones

  18. Joints • Fibrous • Immovible • Skull sutures, teeth • Cartilaginous • Slightly moveable • Vertebrae, pelvis • Synovial • Freely moveable • Fluid-filled cavity • Knee, elbow, fingers

  19. Joint Disorders • Sprain/strain • Stretch or tear of ligaments & tendons • Anterior cruciate ligament • Osteoarthritis • Wear & tear on joints • Usually w/ old age • Rheumatoid arthritis • Degeneration of joints • Autoimmune disease

  20. Muscle • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth

  21. Muscle—Skeletal • Muscle • Fascicle • Muscle fiber (cell)

  22. Muscle—Skeletal • Sarcolemma • Myofibrils

  23. Muscle—Skeletal • Sarcomere • Active unit • Thin (actin) filament • Thick (myosin) filament

  24. Neuromuscular Junction • Nerve impulse reaches axon termial • Channels open in axon, calcium moves into axon terminal • Vesicles move to surface of axon • Vesicles open, releasing acetylecholine (ACh) • ACh travels across synaptic cleft • ACh binds to receptors on muscle • Contraction stimulated

  25. Muscle • Sliding Filament Model • Animation

  26. Muscle—Cardiac • Cardiac muscle stimulated by pacemakers in heart • Most muscle not directly innervated • Intercalated discs connect cells, continuing muscle impulse

  27. Muscle—Smooth

  28. Muscle Disorders • Myasthenia gravis • Shortage of ACh receptors • Muscular Dystrophy • Fragile, abnormal sarcolemma • Too much calcium, damages fibers • Loss of regeneration, muscles waste • Tetanus • Clostridium tetani, no release of ACh

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