The Mediterranean World:

1. The Mediterranean World: Greece

2. Pre-test Answers: • 1. Greece is located in southern Europe. • 2. Greece is made up of at least 1400 islands; 160 of those are permanently inhabited. • 3. Some better known Greek cities are: Athens, Sparta, Rhodes, Corinth, Salamis, Tripoli, Argos, Thebes etc. • 4. Some famous people from ancient Greece are: Archimedes, Homer, Alexander the Great, Socrates, Pythagoras, Aristotle, Plato etc. • 5. The Trojan horse was used by the Greeks to sneak into the walls of the city of Troy (Good idea!) • 6. The Greeks were polytheistic; many gods. • 7. The Olympics started in 776 BCE. • 8. Greek gods include: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hermes, Hades, Athena, Ares, Apollo, Aphrodite etc

3. Geography: • Made up of more than 2000 islands. • Three major seas surround Greece: • Ionian • Aegean • Mediterranean

4. Geography continued: • Many of the islands are rocky and unsuitable for agriculture. • Less than 20% farmed. • Main crops: figs, olives, corn, grain. • Sheep and goats

5. Greek Civilizations: • Most people lived within 70 km of the coastline. • Largest island was Crete, and is where the first Greek civilization was established, about 3000 BCE.

6. The Effect of Geography on Greek Civilization: • 1) Few natural resources and little farmland. • 2) City states therefore relied on the sea for food and trade. • 3) Mountains were protection from land invasions. • 4) Mountains also kept the city-states isolated and often at war with each other. • Ancient Greece was never united under one main government and leader.

7. Map of Ancient Greece Assignment: • Use page 129 in your textbook to label the following places on your map: (25 marks) • -Macedonia -Thrace -Asia Minor • -Crete -Peloponnese -Aegean Sea • -Ionian Sea -Mediterranean Sea -Mycenae • -Attica -Sparta -Knossos -Ephesos • -Troy -Olympos -Delphi -Olympia • -Athens -Hellespont -Salamis • Color your map according to the higher elevations that are located in this area of the world. The entire map should be colored.

8. The Minoans: • The Greeks trace their culture back to two groups, the Minoans and the Mycenaeans: • The Minoans were named after the legendary King Minos who had a large palace at Knossos on the island of Crete.

9. Video: • What happened to the Minoans? 1:35 Add to Added to queue Crete-Mycenaean Civilizationby Barkass884,367 views

10. Disappearance of the Minoans: • A volcano erupted on Thera and blasted the island apart around 1450 BCE (page 134 of text) • Sulfurus gas altered the climate in Greece • There is evidence from tree rings and ice core samples that the climate was damaged so much that harvests failed repeatedly • Mainland Greeks (Mycenaeans) marched into the power vacuum and took over

11. The Mycenaeans: • The Mycenaeans were from the Peloponnesian Peninsula and they invaded and conquered the Minoans on Crete. Their most famous king was Agamemnon. • Mycenaean video

12. Story of Troy • Mycenaeans, Trojan War etc

13. Funny?

14. The Trojan War: • Homer: great Greek poet • Wrote the epics The Iliad and The Odyssey • These told the story of the Trojan War between the Mycenaeans and the Trojans. • Did it really happen?

16. The Dark Ages: • Began with the decline of the Mycenaeans. • Greeks divided themselves into three main groups: A) Dorians B) Ionians C) Aeolians • Dorians used iron weapons and were fierce warriors. They were able to conquer much of Greece.

18. The Dark Ages: • This period is known as the Dark Ages because the Dorianswere not interested in: • A) maintaining the Greek culture • B) writing down their history • C) maintaining their farming communities • They were interested in a Military type of existence.

19. Effects of the Dark Ages: • Famine occurred and caused a severe drop in the population. • Sparta was developed as the main city-state of the Dorians.

20. …And then what happened? • To survive, other Greek communities developed into a ‘polis’. • As the population grew and people needed to spread out, they also developed ‘apoikai’ for survival. • (You will define both of these terms soon)

21. Your turn (Pages 138-140): • 1. Why do historians call the years from 1100 BCE to 800 BCE the Dark Ages? • 2. What did mainland Greeks do to avoid the invading Dorians? • 3. What things were ‘lost’ due to the invading Dorians? • 4. What is a polis? • 5. a) How large was a polis? b) What were two exceptions to this size? • 6. Why did the Greeks need to find additional land by the middle of the 8th century BCE? • 7. What is an apoikai and where were many located around the Mediterranean? • 8. List 5 important developments by the Greeks as a result of this period of colonization.

22. Greeks in battle: • Two main city-states: -Athens and Sparta • Athens : men aged 20-50 must fight if needed. • Sparta : all men fought, no matter their age. • Soldiers were called hoplites.

23. Hoplites: • Helmet: bronze, tall crest of horsehair. • Body armour: leather or bronze (iron too heavy), shin plates • Shield: usually wood with bronze; family crest painted on it.

24. Triremes (Ships): • Greek ships were called triremes. • Up to 170 oarsmen, who were usually slaves. • Pointed hull (front end) made of bronze or iron in order to ram enemy ships. • ‘Scary’ designs

25. The phalanx (Clip): • 16 rows of heavily armed foot soldiers. • 4.5 meter long lances. • During battle, lance was lowered forward in the front. • Shields were used to protect the left side.

26. The persian wars: • Were a series of conflicts between several Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. • Not all Greek city states fought against the Persians; some were neutral and others allied with Persia, especially as its massive armies approached.

27. Background to persian wars: • Greek city-states in Asia Minor came under the control of the Persians. • The Persian rulers were tyrants who made the Greek citizens serve in the Persian Army and pay high taxes. • Rebellion occurred and a Persian leader asked for help from the Greek Mainland city-states.

28. Background to persian wars continued: • Sparta was asked 1st and said ‘No’. • Athens gave 20 triremes and joined the revolt. • After a few years, Athens lost interest and went home. • Persia never forgot and their leader Darius vowed vengeance. • In 490 BCE, something big happened…

29. Flipbook (25 points): • Find the following information for each of the three battles/wars: • 1. When the battle happened. • 2. Where the battle took place. • 3. Who fought in the battle. (leaders of each side) • 4. What happened. (At least 3 details) • 5. The final outcome(s) of the battle.

30. Video: • Ancient Warriors: The Spartans • Part 2Part 3: • 1. Who were the Helots? • 2. What happened to newborns who did not pass inspection by elders? • 3. What does the name Thermopylae stand for? • 4. How were the Persians able to gain an advantage in the battle of Thermopylae? • 5. Why was Aristademis dishonored? • Deadliest Warriors: Spartans vs Ninjas(2:30-3:40)

31. Battle of Marathon: • Happened in 490 BCE • Leaders: Militades (Athens) and Darius (Persia) • Met on the plains of Marathon. • The first ‘marathon’ was run by Phedippedes. (see story) • Persians placed best troops in center, Greeks put best on their wings. • Surprise attacks caused the Persians to lose thousands; the Athenians only 192. • Athenians had a glorious victory.

32. Battle of Thermopylae: • Happened in 480 BCE • Leaders: • Xerxes (New Persian King) and Leonidas (Leader of 300 Spartans, and the other Greeks by default). • Xerxes brought 1200 ships and 170 000 hoplites. • Greeks had 200 triremes and 7 000 hoplites. • Greek traitor helped the Persians. • Leonidas and all of his 300 Spartans died. • Athens left vulnerable; Greeks fled to Salamis.

33. “Passerby, tell Sparta that her soldiers aren’t missing in action; they made their last stand here and died.” (rhymes in Greek)

34. Battle of Salamis: • Happened in 480 BCE • Leaders: • Themistocles (Greek) and Xerxes (Persian) • Happened in narrow waters of Salamis. • Greeks not killed at Thermopylae escaped to the Island of Salamis. • Persians were tricked to believe the Greeks would try to escape. • The battle became a great Greek victory and the Persians retreated back to Persia.

36. Classical Greece: • End of Persian wars led to the greatest age in ancient Greek history • 480-380 BCE showed great achievements, mostly from Athens (became prosperous city and cultural center) • Time of great thinkers, poets and artists

37. Delian League: • Formed to protect Greek states against further attacks from the Persians • Athens led the league because it had the most democratic government • Member states contributed men, as well as ships or money to a common defence fund • Athens used money collected to build ships • Member states could not withdraw without the consent of all other states

38. Tensions between Sparta and Athens: • A) Athens tried to expand into Spartan territory • B) Athens used its power to block the trade of some cities at ports which it controlled • C) Some of the states in the Delian league asked Sparta for help in dealing with the oppressive Athenians • This would lead to a war between the two states…….

39. The Peloponnesian War: • Athens was ruled by a democratic government and had a supreme navy • Sparta was ruled by an oligarchy (a small group) of rich and powerful men and had a supreme army • Both wanted to control all of Greece

40. The Peloponnesian War:

41. The Peloponnesian War: • It’s a long and complicated story but the Spartans eventually defeated Athens with the help of the Persians.

42. Videos: • Athens vs Sparta (Part1) • Athens vs Sparta (Part 2)

43. Greek laws and justice: • While Athens was the most powerful city-state, it wanted to spread its form of government throughout the empire. • Athens developed the world’s first democracy over time, with the changes made by several rulers:

44. Draco: • Athenian leader who created legal rights for all citizens (common people as well as the wealthy were protected). • Distinguished between minor and major crimes (different punishments) • He preferred harsh punishments however; death was most common.

45. ‘Draconian’ Laws: • The only Draconian law that still exists today is one for homicide. • He distinguished between murder and manslaughter. • Punishment for murder was death; for manslaughter you could be banished.

46. Solon: • Athenian leader who gave common citizens the right to hold political office. • Set up councils where hundreds of citizens had a vote in government. • Freed farmers who had been sold into slavery due to their debt.

47. The greatest innovation of Greek laws was the jury. • Greek trials were held in town squares and had juries from 201 to 1501 members. • Jurors ‘cast their votes’ by throwing bronze disks. • Disks were solid for innocent; hollow for guilty.

48. Videos: • Athens: The Truth about Democracy • Brain Pop: Athens

50. Greece Bingo Vocabulary: • Epic • Barbarians • Minoan • Dorians • Helots • city-state • Homer • Democracy • Polis • Trireme • Peloponnesus • Phalanx • Mediterranean • Crete • Mycenaeans • Agamemnon • Troy • Xerxes • Leonidas • Dark ages • Apoikai • Hoplites • Marathon • Thermopylae • Salamis • Classical Greece • Delian League • Draco • Solon • Grammatikos • Pedagogue • Pythagorus • Hippocrates • Alexander • Macedonia • Agora